Description:
Endovascular grafts can be used as minimally invasive alternatives to open surgical repair for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Open surgical repair of AAAs has high morbidity and mortality, and endovascular grafts have the potential to reduce the operative risk associated with AAA repair.

For individuals who have AAAs eligible for open repair who receive endovascular stent grafts, the evidence includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. Evidence from a patient-level meta-analysis of 4 RCTs comparing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with open repair for elective treatment of AAAs has indicated that neither approach is clearly superior to the other. While EVAR is associated with an early reduction in mortality, outcomes at 5 years or longer have shown a greater endovascular mortality and comparable overall survival rates for EVAR and open repair. Thus, the early advantage of EVAR is balanced out by a higher rate of late complications over the long term. Based on these data, EVAR may be considered as an alternative to open surgery in patients who are candidates for both procedures. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals who have ruptured AAAs who receive endovascular stent grafts, the evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. For patients with ruptured AAAs, evidence from 4 RCTs and a patient-level meta-analysis has indicated that short- and intermediate-term survival following EVAR is comparable with open repair. Evidence from RCTs and nonrandomized matched comparisons has shown that EVAR is associated with lower perioperative morbidity. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals who have AAAs ineligible for open repair who receive endovascular stent grafts, the evidence includes RCTs. Relevant outcomes are overall survival, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. At least 2 RCTs have compared EVAR to no surgical intervention in patients ineligible for open repair, either because of aneurysm size or prohibitive surgical risk. These trials did not report superior outcomes with EVAR and thus do not support use of EVAR in this population. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology is unlikely to improve the net health outcome. 

Background  
Conventional management of a clinically significant abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) consists of surgical excision with the placement of a sutured woven graft. Surgical excision is associated with a perioperative mortality rate between 1% and 5%. Perioperative morbidity and mortality are highest in older female patients with cardiac, pulmonary, or kidney disease; the most common cause of death is multisystem organ failure.

Due to the high mortality rate, endovascular prostheses have been developed as a less risky and minimally invasive, catheter-based alternative to open surgical excision of AAAs. These devices are deployed across the aneurysm such that the aneurysm is effectively "excluded" from the circulation, with subsequent restoration of normal blood flow.

The main potential advantage of endovascular grafts for an AAA is that they offer a less invasive and less risky approach to the repair of abdominal aneurysms. While the use of an endovascular approach has the potential to reduce the relatively high perioperative morbidity and mortality associated with open AAA repair, use of endovascular grafts also has potential disadvantages. In particular, there are concerns about the durability of the anchoring system, aneurysm expansion, and other late complications related to the prosthetic graft. Aneurysm expansion may result from perivascular leaks, also known as endoleaks, which are a unique complication of endoprostheses. Perivascular leaks may result from an incompetent seal at one of the graft attachment sites, blood flow in aneurysm tributaries (these tributaries are ligated during open surgery), or perforation of graft fabric.^1,2,3,4

Several types of grafts are currently in use: straight grafts, in which both ends are anchored to the infrarenal aorta, and bifurcated grafts, in which the proximal end is anchored to the infrarenal aorta, and the distal ends are anchored to the iliac arteries. Fenestrated grafts have also been investigated. These grafts are designed with openings in the wall that can be placed across the renal or celiac arteries while still protecting vessel patency through these critical arteries. Also, extensions can be placed from inside the main endograft body into the visceral arteries to create a hemostatic seal.

REGULATORY STATUS
A large number of endovascular grafts have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the premarket approval (PMA) process for treatment of AAAs (see Table 1). The original PMA dates are shown. Most stents have undergone device modification, name changes, and have approved supplements to the original PMA. FDA product code MIH.

Table 1. Abdominal Aortic Stent Grafts Approved by the FDA

Stent Name	PMA Applicant	Approved	PMA No.
AneuRx® Prosthesis System (AneuRx AAAdvantage Stent Graft)	Medtronic Vascular	1999	P990020
Ancure® Aortoiliac System	Guidant Endovascular Technologies	2002	P990017
Gore® Excluder®	W.L. Gore & Associates	2002	P020004
Zenith® AAA Endovascular Graft	Cook	2003	P020018
Endologix Powerlink® (Afx Endovascular AAA system)	Endologix	2004	P040002
Talent® Abdominal Stent Graft System	Medtronic	2008	P070027
Endurant® II AAA Stent Graft System	Medtronic	2010	P100021
Valiant Thoracic Stent Graft System	Medtronic	2011	P100040
Relay Thoracic Stent-Graft with Plus Delivery System	Bolton Medical	2012	P110038
Ovation™ Abdominal Stent Graft System	Endologix	2012	P120006
Aorfix™ AAA Flexible Stent Graft System	Lombard Medical	2013	P110032
Incraft® AAA Stent Graft System	Cordis	2018	P150002

FDA: Food and Drug Administration; PMA: premarket approval. 

Related Policies
70186 Endovascular Stent Grafts for Disorders of the Thoracic Aorta

Policy:
The use of endoprostheses approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms may be considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY as a treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms in any of the following clinical situations:

• an aneurysmal diameter greater than 5.0 cm
• an aneurysmal diameter of 4 – 5.0 cm that has increased in size by 0.5 cm in the last 6 months
• an aneurysmal diameter that measures twice the size of the normal infrarenal aorta
• a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (see Policy Guidelines).

The use of endoprostheses approved by the FDA as a treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms is investigational and/or unproven and therefore considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY for the following clinical situations:

• Treatment of smaller aneurysms that do not meet the current recommended threshold for surgery
• Treatment of aneurysms that do meet the recommended threshold for surgery in patients who are ineligible for open repair due to physical limitations or other factors

Policy Guidelines
For treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms with endoprostheses, several factors must be considered including the following: 

• The patient must be sufficiently stable to undergo detailed computed tomography examination for anatomic measurements,
• The aneurysm should be anatomically appropriate for endovascular repair, and

• Specialized personnel should be available.

To monitor for leaking of the graft after implantation, patients will typically undergo routine imaging with computed tomography or ultrasonography every 6 to 12 months, or more frequently if perivascular leaks or aneurysm enlargement are detected.

CODING
Please see the Codes table for details.

Benefit Application
BlueCard/National Account Issues
As experience with this technology matures, placement of endovascular stents as a treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms may be performed by either an interventional radiologist or vascular surgeon in the outpatient setting.

Rationale
This evidence review was created in July 1998 and has been updated regularly with searches of the PubMed database. The most recent literature update was performed through March 28, 2022.

Evidence reviews assess the clinical evidence to determine whether the use of technology improves the net health outcome. Broadly defined, health outcomes are the length of life, quality of life, and ability to function including benefits and harms. Every clinical condition has specific outcomes that are important to patients and managing the course of that condition. Validated outcome measures are necessary to ascertain whether a condition improves or worsens; and whether the magnitude of that change is clinically significant. The net health outcome is a balance of benefits and harms.

To assess whether the evidence is sufficient to draw conclusions about the net health outcome of technology, 2 domains are examined: the relevance, and quality and credibility. To be relevant, studies must represent 1 or more intended clinical use of the technology in the intended population and compare an effective and appropriate alternative at a comparable intensity. For some conditions, the alternative will be supportive care or surveillance. The quality and credibility of the evidence depend on study design and conduct, minimizing bias and confounding that can generate incorrect findings. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is preferred to assess efficacy; however, in some circumstances, nonrandomized studies may be adequate. Randomized controlled trials are rarely large enough or long enough to capture less common adverse events and long-term effects. Other types of studies can be used for these purposes and to assess generalizability to broader clinical populations and settings of clinical practice.

Endovascular Stent Grafts as an Alternative to Open Repair for Elective Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of endovascular stent grafts is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies, such as open repair, in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) who are candidates for elective surgical repair.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) improve the net health outcome in individuals with AAA eligible for open repair?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with AAA eligible for open repair.

Interventions
The therapy being considered is endovascular stent grafts. Endovascular stent grafts can be used as minimally invasive alternatives to open surgical repair for the treatment of AAAs. Open surgical repair of AAAs has high morbidity and mortality, and endovascular grafts have the potential to reduce the operative risk associated with AAA repair.

Comparators
Comparators of interest include open surgical repair.

Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are overall survival (OS), morbid events, treatment-related morbidity, and treatment-related mortality. Follow-up of at least 5 years is desirable to assess outcomes.

Table 2. Outcomes of Interest for Individuals with AAA Eligible for EVAR or Open Repair

Outcomes	Details	Timing
Overall survival	Survival following EVAR or open repair	≥ 1 year
Morbid events	Adverse events or necessary reinterventions following EVAR or open repair	≥ 1 year
Treatment-related mortality	Cause of death related to aneurysm or other cardiac event following EVAR or open repair	≥ 1 year
Treatment-related morbidity	Adverse events or necessary reinterventions related to aneurysm or other cardiac event following EVAR or open repair	≥ 1 year

AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; EVAR: endovascular aneurysm repair

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

• To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
• In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
• To assess long-term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
• Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Review of Evidence
A number of moderate- to large-sized RCTs have compared EVAR with open surgical repair, and these studies comprise the main body of literature on the comparative efficacy of the 2 procedures.^5,6,7 Early reports of outcomes from these trials have demonstrated that the perioperative morbidity and mortality of an endovascular approach were reduced compared with open surgical repair.^8,9 These results are consistent with large observational studies.^10,11,12 However, the mid- and long-term results of these studies are consistent in finding that the short-term improvements are not associated with a long-term benefit compared with an open approach.

Systematic Reviews
Several systematic reviews have been published comparing EVAR to open repair of AAA. Two, Paravastu et al. (2014) and Powell et al. (2017), focused solely on the 4 RCTs described later in this section.^13,14 A few other systematic reviews included other studies in their analyses.^{15,16,17,18,19,20}

Li et al. (2019) was the largest of the systematic reviews.¹⁹ This meta-analysis included 73 studies (N = 299,784) that compared EVAR (n = 151,092) and open repair (n = 148,692) outcomes for long-term (5 to 9 y) and very long-term (≥ 10 y) all-cause mortality, reintervention, and secondary rupture rates. The study years ranged from 1999 to 2018 and included 3 RCTs (5 articles) and 68 observational studies. Follow-up ranged from 5 to 15 years. Results are summarized in Table 3. Endovascular aneurysm repair was associated with higher long-term all-cause mortality, reintervention, and secondary rupture rates compared with open surgical repair. In the very long-term, EVAR was also associated with higher reintervention and secondary rupture rates but mortality rates were seen to improve over time.

Table 3. Long-Term and Very Long-Term Outcomes of EVAR Versus Open Repair

	All-Cause Mortality		Reintervention		Secondary Rupture
Length of follow-up	5 – 9 y	≥ 10 y	5 – 9 y	≥ 10 y	5 – 9 y	≥ 10 y (1 study)
EVAR	27.3%	NR	17.6%	20.9%	2.0%	NR
OSR	24.7%	NR	14.9%	12.3%	0.6%	NR
OR	1.19	0.92	2.12	2.47	4.84	8.10
95% CI	1.06 – 1.33	0.76 – 1.11	1.67 – 2.69	1.71 – 3.57	2.63 – 8.89	1.01 – 64.99
p-value	.003	.39	< .001	< .001	< .001	.05
I2	91%	89%	96%	84%	92%	NA

Source: Li et al. (2019).19
CI: confidence interval; EVAR: endovascular aneurysm repair; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; 
OSR: open surgical repair; y: year(s).

Paravastu et al. (2014) published a Cochrane review assessing the evidence on the effectiveness of EVAR compared with open surgery for patients considered fit for surgery.¹³ Reviewers identified 4 trials considered high-quality that compared EVAR with open repair (Open Versus Endovascular Repair [OVER], Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Repair [DREAM], Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Versus Open Repair in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [EVAR 1], Anévrisme de l'aorte abdominale: Chirurgie versus Endoprothese[ACE]; N = 2,790). In a pooled analysis, short-term mortality (30-day or in-hospital mortality) was significantly lower in patients treated with EVAR (1.4% vs. 4.2%; odds ratio [OR], 0.33; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.55; p < .001). There were no significant differences in mortality between EVAR and open repair groups at intermediate-term follow-up.

Powell et al. (2017) published an individual patient data meta-analysis evaluating longer-term outcomes from the 4 combined RCTs included in the 2014 Cochrane review (OVER, DREAM, EVAR-1, ACE).¹⁴ The meta-analysis included 2783 patients with a median follow-up of 5.5 years. Mortality within 6 months of randomization was lower in the EVAR group, which was due primarily to a reduction in 30-day mortality (Table 4). Beyond 3 years, aneurysm-related mortality was significantly higher in the EVAR group, resulting in a loss of survival benefit.

Table 4. Mortality After EVAR or Open Repair in the OVER, DREAM, EVAR 1, and ACE Trials

Morbidity by Time of Follow-Up	EVAR n/N (%)	Open n/N (%)	HR	95% CI	p-value
Cumulative total deaths
0 – 30 days	16/1373 (1.2)	40/1351 (3.0)	0.40	0.22 – 0.74	NR
0 – 6 months	46/1393 (3.3)	73/1397 (5.5)	0.61	0.42 – 0.89	< .05
6 months to 4 years	244/1345 (18.1)	229/1315 (17.4)	1.04	0.87 – 1.25	NS
> 4 years	191/987 (19.4)	180/958 (26.4)	1.07	0.88 – 1.32	NS
Aneurysm-related deaths
0 – 30 days	16/1373 (1.2)	40/1351 (3.0)	0.41	0.22 – 0.74	< .05
31 days to 3 years	18/1357 (1.3)	33/1311 (2.5)	1.07	0.49 – 2.36	NS
> 3 years	19/1118 (1.7)	3/1054 (0.3)	5.16	1.49 – 17.89	.01

Adapted from Powell et al. (2017).¹⁴
ACE: Anévrisme de l'aorte abdominale: Chirurgie versus Endoprothese; CI: confidence interval; DREAM: Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Repair; EVAR: endovascular aneurysm repair; EVAR 1: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Versus Open Repair in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm; HR: hazard ratio; NR: not reported; NS: not significant; OVER: Open Versus Endovascular Repair.

Yokoyama et al. (2020) published a meta-analysis evaluating longer-term outcomes from the 4 key RCTs included in previous meta-analyses (OVER, DREAM, EVAR-1, ACE) plus 7 propensity-matched cohort studies (N = 106,243); one of the included cohort studies (Salata et al. [2019]) had not previously been included in a pooled analysis.²⁰ Overall, EVAR reduced mortality versus open surgical repair (OSR) during the perioperative period, but increased mortality versus OSR during the post-operative periods that included 1 to 24 months and 2 to 6 years after repair (Table 5). There were no significant differences in mortality between groups when evaluating the following postoperative periods: 0 to 2 years, 6 to 10 years, and ≥ 10 years.

Table 5. Mortality after EVAR versus Open Repair

Morbidity by Time of Follow-Up	HR	95% CI	P-value
Perioperative (≤ 1 month)	0.39	0.29 – 0.51	< .00001
1 to 24 months*	1.15	1.11 – 1.19	< .0001
0 to 2 years	0.93	0.84 – 1.03	.16
2 to 6 years	1.15	1.03 – 1.29	.01
6 to 10 years	1.06	0.96 – 1.17	.27
≥ 10 years	1.17	0.93 – 1.47	.19

Adapted from Yokoyama et al. (2020).²⁰
*Analysis for mortality between 1 month and 24 months after repair was performed to exclude the effect of perioperative mortality on the early-term mortality.
CI: confidence interval; EVAR: endovascular aneurysm repair; HR: hazard ratio.

Numerous nonrandomized studies have been performed, including the studies originally used as the basis for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Biancari et al. (2011) published a systematic review of nonrandomized studies that compared EVAR with open surgery in elderly patients, 80 years or older.²¹ This analysis included observational studies of elderly patients who had undergone EVAR and compared results with observational studies of elderly patients who had open repair. Results of the pooled analysis revealed that immediate postprocedure mortality was lower in the EVAR group (2.3%) than in the open surgery group (8.6%) and that EVAR also had lower rates of postoperative cardiac, pulmonary, and renal complications. Survival at 3 years did not differ between patients undergoing EVAR and open repair (relative risk, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.57).

Ulug et al. (2017) published a systematic review of 5 studies of men and women who underwent intact AAA repair, either through open repair or EVAR.²² Three separate meta-analyses were conducted to address 3 issue areas. One meta-analysis included 5 studies and compared morphologic eligibility for EVAR between men and women. There was a greater likelihood that men were deemed eligible for EVAR, (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.63). Another meta-analysis assessed the likelihood of nonintervention in women compared with men. Four studies were included (1,365 men, 247 women), and the likelihood of nonintervention in women was 34% vs. 19% in men (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.21 to 4.23). The third meta-analysis included 9 studies (52,018 men, 11,076 women) and evaluated the 30-day mortality rate after EVAR. The 30-day mortality rate for women was 2.3% and 1.4% for men (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.04). Reviewers noted that their analysis was limited by inconsistent reporting of confounders such as age, aneurysm diameter, and comorbidities. Overall, fewer women were offered EVAR than men, and, for both EVAR and open repair, women had a higher incidence of mortality following the procedure.

Antoniou (2021) published a meta-analysis comparing outcomes of fenestrated or branched EVAR with open repair for juxta/para/suprarenal or thoraco-AAAs.¹⁶ Eleven observational studies were included (N = 7,061). Fenestrated or branched EVAR did not significantly lower peri-operative mortality (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.12; p = .10) or increase overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.67; p = .14) versus open repair. However, reintervention was significantly more likely after EVAR (HR, 2.11; 95% CI 1.39 to 3.18; p < .001).

Randomized Controlled Trials
The major RCTs included in the patient-level meta-analyses described above are OVER, DREAM, EVAR 1, and ACE. These trials are discussed below.

Open Versus Endovascular Repair Trial
Lederle et al. (2012) published long-term results of the OVER trial.²³ In this trial, 881 patients with asymptomatic AAAs from multiple Veterans Administration medical centers were randomized to EVAR or to open repair and followed for a mean of 5.2 years. An early survival advantage (up to 3 years) was reported for EVAR, but at final follow-up, mortality rates were similar between groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.22; p = .81). In 1 subgroup analysis, differences in mortality rates were noted by age. For patients younger than 70 years, mortality was higher in the EVAR group (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.73), while for patients older than 70 years, mortality was lower in the EVAR group (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.98).

Lederle et al. (2019) reported on the 14-year extended follow-up for the OVER trial.²⁴ The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Of the 444 patients assigned to EVAR, 302 (68.0%) had died, and of the 437 open-repair patients, 306 (70.0%) had died (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.13; p = .61). Deaths associated with AAA were seen in 12 (2.7%) EVAR patients and 16 (3.7%) open repair (95% CI, -3.3 to 1.4). Of those deaths, 2 EVAR patients died either during hospitalization or within 30 days after repair; 11 open-repair patients died during that same period. Of the EVAR group, 117 out of 439 (26.7%) patients underwent a secondary procedure compared with 85 of 429 (19.8%) patients in the open repair group (95% CI, 2.0 to 17.5). During the first 4 years of follow-up, OS appeared to be higher with endovascular repair than with open repair; from year 4 through year 8, OS was higher in the open-repair group; and after 8 years, OS was once again higher in the endovascular-repair group (HR for death, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.18). None of these trends were significant.

Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management Trial
The DREAM trial enrolled 351 patients who were randomized to endovascular or open repair.⁷ The incidence of aneurysm-related death (i.e., within 30 days) was 4.6% in the open repair group and 1.2% in the endovascular repair group. However, after 2 years, cumulative survival rates were 89.6% for open repair and 89.7% for endovascular repair, due to a higher incidence of late death in the endovascular group. The investigators suggested that an open approach may precipitate the mortality of frail patients who were most likely to die in the coming year and that the advantage of an endovascular approach may primarily be to delay death. Alternatively, the late mortality of endovascular repair may relate to its inferior ability to prevent rupture or prevent additional complications, compared with an open approach.

De Bruin et al. (2010) reported on longer-term follow-up from the DREAM trial.²⁵ After 6 years of follow-up, survival rates were similar between the EVAR (68.9%) and the open repair (69.9%) groups (difference, 1 percentage point; 95% CI, -8.8 to 10.8; p = .97). Reinterventions were more common in the EVAR group: freedom from reinterventions was 70.4% for EVAR compared with 81.9% for open repair (difference, 11.5%; 95% CI, 2.0 to 21.0; p = .03).

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Versus Open Repair in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Trial
Greenhalgh et al. (2005) reported on a larger trial, the EVAR 1, which enrolled 1,082 patients 60 years or older with abdominal aneurysms at least 5.5 cm in diameter and randomized them to elective open repair or to endovascular repair.⁶ Similar to the DREAM trial, endovascular repair was associated with an improvement in aneurysm-related survival (4.7% open vs. 1.7% endovascular at 30 days), but no advantage with respect to all-cause mortality and quality-of-life (QOL) measures. For example, within 4 years of follow-up, the endoscopic repair was associated with a complication rate of 41% compared with only 9% in the surgically treated group.

Greenhalgh et al. (2010) also reported on longer-term follow-up from EVAR 1.²⁶ This follow-up included 1,252 patients with aneurysms 5.5 cm or larger randomized to EVAR or to open repair. After 8 years of follow-up, there was no difference in survival between the groups (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.23). This evidence would suggest that the early survival advantage of EVAR was lost over time due to late endograft ruptures, some of which were fatal.

Brown et al. (2011) reported on follow-up from the EVAR 1 trial as well, focusing on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at 5 years posttreatment.²⁷ The EVAR group had a lower total cardiovascular event rate at all follow-up time points, but differences during the trial were not statistically significant (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.10). During the period of 6 to 24 months postsurgery, the EVAR group had a higher rate of cardiovascular events (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.79 to 2.62), which attenuated the early benefit of EVAR and led to a convergence of events between the 2 procedures. Cardiovascular mortality during the trial was similar between groups (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.36).

Anévrisme de l'aorte abdominale: Chirurgie Versus Endoprothese Trial
The ACE trial compared EVAR with open surgical repair in patients at low-to-moderate surgical risk.28, A total of 306 patients were randomized from 25 clinical centers in France. Selection criteria included a Society of Vascular Surgery comorbidity score of 0 to 2 and suitable anatomy for EVAR without high-risk features. There were 17 crossovers from open surgery to EVAR (11%) and 4 crossovers from EVAR to open surgery (3%). The median follow-up was 3 years.

The perioperative mortality rate was 1.3% for the EVAR group and 0.6% for the open surgery group (p = .12). The survival rate at 1 year was 95.2% for EVAR and 96.5% for open surgery (p = .24). At 3 years, survival remained similar at 86.3% for EVAR and 86.7% for open surgery. Major adverse cardiovascular events were present in 6.7% of EVAR patients compared with 4.0% of open surgery patients, a difference that was also not statistically significant. Reinterventions were more common with EVAR (16%) than with open surgery (2.7%; p < .001). Endoleaks were identified on follow-up computed tomography (CT) scanning in 27% of EVAR patients (41/150). There were a total of 10 type I endoleaks; 5 were treated by endoluminal procedures, 2 were treated with open surgery, and 3 were treated by observation. There were a total of 31 type II endoleaks; 8 of these were treated with coil embolization, and 23 were left untreated.

Section Summary: Endovascular Stent Grafts as an Alternative to Open Repair for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Evidence from several RCTs and meta-analyses of RCTs and cohort studies has supported EVAR as a reasonable alternative to open surgical repair for aneurysms greater than 5.5 cm and for aneurysms that have high-risk features such as rapid growth. In unselected patients with AAAs who are appropriate candidates for surgery, EVAR is associated with lower perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, EVAR is associated with a higher rate of longer-term complications, including endoleaks and the need for reintervention. Longer-term mortality is generally similar for EVAR and open surgery at 6 or more years of follow-up. For patients at low to moderate risk for open surgery, 1 RCT has reported low perioperative morbidity and mortality rates for both EVAR and open surgery, with no differences between the 2 procedures. Thus, the advantage for EVAR in reduced perioperative morbidity and mortality may not be present for patients who are low to moderate risk for surgery.

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair as an Alternative to Open Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of endovascular stent grafts is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies, such as open repair, in patients with ruptured AAA.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of EVAR improve the net health outcome in individuals with ruptured AAAs?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with ruptured AAA.

Interventions
The therapy being considered is endovascular stent grafts.

Endovascular stent grafts can be used as minimally invasive alternatives to open surgical repair for treatment of AAAs. Open surgical repair of AAAs has high morbidity and mortality, and endovascular grafts have the potential to reduce the operative risk associated with AAA repair.

Comparators
Comparators of interest include open repair.

Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, morbid events, treatment-related morbidity, and treatment-related mortality.

Follow-up of at least 5 years is desirable to assess outcomes.

Table 6. Outcomes of Interest for Individuals With Ruptured AAA Eligible for EVAR or Open Repair

Outcomes	Details	Timing
Overall survival	Survival following EVAR or open repair for ruptured AAA	≥ 1 year
Morbid events	Adverse events or necessary reinterventions following EVAR or open repair for ruptured AAA	≥ 1 year
Treatment-related mortality	Cause of death related to aneurysm or other cardiac event following EVAR or open repair for ruptured AAA	≥ 1 year
Treatment-related morbidity	Adverse events or necessary reinterventions related to aneurysm or other cardiac event following EVAR or open repair for ruptured AAA	≥ 1 year

AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; EVAR: endovascular aneurysm repair.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

• To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
• In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
• To assess long-term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought;
• Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Review of Evidence
Emergency EVAR for ruptured AAAs is being studied as a treatment option to decrease the high mortality rate associated with open surgical repair. Conducting RCTs has been difficult in this patient population due to the emergent or semi-emergent nature of treatment for ruptured aneurysms. As a result, until 2013, the most relevant evidence on this question was derived from nonrandomized studies comparing EVAR with open surgery. However, there is a high risk of selection bias in uncontrolled studies. Aneurysms that meet the anatomic criteria for EVAR tend to be smaller and less complex than aneurysms that do not, resulting in the highest-risk patients being preferentially treated with open surgery. Some studies have attempted to identify the degree to which selection bias may contribute to apparent favorable outcomes in EVAR by comparing outcomes for patients who underwent open repair who met eligibility for EVAR with those who did not. Krenzien et al. (2013) found that those suitable for EVAR had a significantly lower prevalence of in-hospital deaths (25%) than those unsuitable for EVAR (53%; p = .02).²⁹ Van Beek et al. (2014), in contrast, reported an observational cohort of 279 patients who underwent open repair of suspected ruptured AAAs who were enrolled in parallel to the Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm Trial (described below).³⁰ They found that 30-day morbidity was not lower among the 71 patients who met the criteria for EVAR (38%) compared with the 208 patients who did not (30%; p = .23). Several nonrandomized studies have used patient matching or other methods to reduce the potential for selection bias.

Systematic Reviews
Sweeting et al. (2015) published a patient-level meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (N = 836) that compared EVAR with open repair for ruptured AAAs.³¹ To have a more uniform comparison, 90-day data from only the patients who were anatomically suitable for EVAR who participated in the Immediate Management of Patients With Rupture: Open Versus Endovascular Repair Trial (IMPROVE) were analyzed along with patient-level data from the Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm Trial (AJAX) and Endovasculaire ou Chirurgie Dans Les Anévrismes Aorto-Iliaques Rompus (ECAR) trials (described below). There was no survival benefit from EVAR in pooled analysis at 90 days (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.13). However, pooled analysis confirmed findings from IMPROVE that women benefited more than men from an endovascular strategy (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.99). Pooled analysis also confirmed the individual findings of the 3 trials that hospital length of stay was shorter after EVAR than after open repair (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.47).

Badger et al. (2017) published the most recent relevant Cochrane review, reporting on 4 RCTs (AJAX, ECAR, Hinchliffe et al. [2006], and IMPROVE), which evaluated short- and mid-term outcomes of 868 patients with ruptured AAA treated with emergency EVAR or open repair.³² For the primary outcome, short-term mortality (defined as 30-day or in-hospital mortality), there was no significant difference between EVAR and open repair (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.16; p = .36). Secondary outcomes (endoleak events, 30-day complication rates, 6-month mortality) were not assessed in all studies. Reductions in bowel ischemia (a secondary outcome) were more significant in the EVAR group than in the open repair group (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.94; p = .04). Using data from the AJAX trial (n=116), reviewers found no 6-month survival advantage for patients treated with emergency EVAR (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.40 to 1.98).

Randomized Controlled Trials
Immediate Management of Patients With Rupture: Open Versus Endovascular Repair Trial
The IMPROVE trial randomized 613 patients at 30 centers (29 in the UK, 1 in Canada) with a clinical diagnosis of a ruptured AAA to an endovascular strategy of immediate CT and emergency EVAR (n = 316), or to the standard treatment of emergency open repair (n = 297).³³ Patients were excluded if they had had an aneurysm repair, rupture of an isolated internal iliac aneurysm, aorto-caval or aorto-enteric fistulae, recent anatomic assessment of the aorta (eg, awaiting elective EVAR), a diagnosis of connective tissue disorder, or if the intervention was considered futile. The trial protocol permitted the inclusion of hemodynamically unstable patients. Ten randomized patients were excluded from data analysis due to a breach of inclusion criteria. Of the 316 who were randomized to EVAR, 275 (87%) had a confirmed diagnosis of ruptured AAA and 174 (64%) were considered anatomically suitable for EVAR. Endovascular aneurysm repair was attempted in 154 patients, 4 of whom were converted to open repair. Open repair was attempted in 112 other patients (84 anatomically unsuitable for EVAR, 28 crossovers). Sixteen patients died before repair, and 1 patient refused to repair and was discharged. Of the 297 patients randomized to open repair, 261 (88%) had a confirmed diagnosis of ruptured AAA. In the open repair randomization group, open repair was attempted in 220 (80%) patients, EVAR was attempted in 36 (13%) patients, and 19 patients died before repair.

For the trial’s primary outcome, overall 30-day mortality was 35.4% (112/316) in the EVAR group and 37.4% (111/297) in the open repair group (unadjusted OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.28; p=.62). After adjusting for age, sex, and Hardman index (a prognostic score for mortality after ruptured AAA), there were no significant differences between groups for overall 30-day mortality (adjusted OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.33; p = .73). Compared with men (adjusted OR, 0.44), women demonstrated a greater benefit from EVAR (adjusted OR, 1.18; p = .019 for interaction). There was a trend for lower mortality in the EVAR group for patients with higher Hardman index and age. Patients in the EVAR group (94%) were more likely to be discharged directly to home than those in the open repair group (77%; p < .001).

IMPROVE investigators (2015) reported 1-year outcomes of the trial.34, For the trial’s primary 1-year outcome, survival data were available for 611 of 613 patients randomized. All-cause mortality did not differ significantly between the EVAR (41.1%) and the open repair groups (45.1%) groups (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.17; p = .325), with similar reintervention rates in both groups.³⁴ The EVAR group had shorter hospital stays (17 days) than the open repair group (26 days; p < .001). Quality of life, measured with the EuroQol questionnaire, was higher in the EVAR group than in the open group, with a mean difference of 0.087 (95% CI, 0.017 to 0.158) at 3 months and 0.068 (95% CI, -0.004 to 0.140) at 12 months. The EuroQol outcome difference exceeded the minimally clinically important difference of 0.03.

Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm Trial
Reimerink et al. (2013) reported on results from the AJAX trial, a regional multicenter randomized trial that compared EVAR with open repair in the treatment of ruptured AAA.³⁵ In this trial, patients were recruited from the set of all patients who presented with suspected ruptured AAA at 1 of 3 trial centers. The other 7 regional hospitals agreed to transfer patients with suspected ruptured AAA to one of the trial centers, if possible. After initial resuscitation, the diagnosis of a ruptured aneurysm was confirmed or rejected based on abdominal ultrasound and/or CT angiography. Patients considered suitable for both EVAR and open repair by the treating vascular surgeon were randomized to EVAR or to open repair. Five hundred twenty patients were diagnosed with ruptured AAA in the trial region. Of those, 365 patients were excluded (240 for unfavorable anatomy, 71 for lack of evaluation by CT angiography, 54 who were not referred to a trial center). One hundred fifty-five patients were considered to have favorable anatomy; 39 of them were excluded (16 were considered unfit for open repair, 11 for “logistics,” 7 with severe hemodynamic instability after CT angiography, 5 refused surgery). One hundred sixteen patients were randomized, 57 of whom were allocated to the EVAR group and 59 to the open repair group. Ten patients in the EVAR group underwent open repair, and there was 1 perioperative death. In the open repair group, there were 3 diagnoses other than ruptured AAA during surgery and 4 perioperative deaths.

For the trial’s primary outcome, rates of a composite endpoint (death and severe complications at 30 days) were 42% (24/57) in the EVAR group compared with 47% (28/59) in the open repair group (absolute risk reduction, 5.4%; 95% CI, -13% to 23%). The 30-day mortality rate was 21% (12/57) in the EVAR group compared with 25% (15/59) in the open repair group (absolute risk reduction, 4.4%; 95% CI, -11% to 20%). The 2 groups had a similar median hospital stay and likelihood of intensive care unit admission. The investigators noted that patients in the open repair group had a much lower 30-day mortality rate than was anticipated in the trial’s design (25% vs. results from a prior meta-analysis demonstrating a mortality rate of 48.5% in subjects undergoing open repair of ruptured AAA). As such, the trial may have been underpowered to detect a difference between groups. Also, the trial had a high rate of exclusion of patients with ruptured aortic aneurysm, most commonly because of unfavorable infrarenal aortic neck anatomy with absent or very short necks and very wide necks.

Endovasculaire ou Chirgurgie dans les Anéuvysmes aorto-iliaques Rompus
Desgranges et al. (2015) reported on the 30-day and 1-year results of the multicenter ECAR pseudo-randomized trial.³⁶ A total of 107 patients were assigned by alternating weeks to EVAR (n = 56) or open repair (n = 51). Power analysis indicated that 80 patients per group would be required to detect a 20% reduction in mortality. However, trial enrollment was terminated after 5 years. Patients were included if they had a ruptured aortic, aorto-iliac, or iliac aneurysm met clinical and anatomic criteria for both EVAR and open repair and were hemodynamically stable. The assignment also included the availability of a qualified surgeon (≥ 15 EVAR procedures) and facilities. During the study period, 417 patients were treated for ruptured aorto-iliac aneurysms, of which 32% qualified for EVAR (56 included, 116 not included). Baseline characteristics were similar between the EVAR and open repair study groups. There were no significant differences between the EVAR and open repair group for the primary outcome of mortality at 30 days (18% vs. 24%, p = .239) or 1 year (30% vs. 35%, p = .296), although the trial was underpowered to detect a difference of this magnitude. The lower than expected mortality rate in the open repair group might have been due to the exclusion of patients with hemodynamic instability or unfavorable anatomic criteria. Despite a longer delay to repair with EVAR compared with open surgery (2.9 hours vs.1.3 hours, p = .005), EVAR reduced respiratory support time (59.3 hours vs. 180.3 hours, p = .007), pulmonary complications (15.4% vs. 41.5%, p = .05), total blood transfusion (6.8 units vs. 10.9 units, p = .020), and duration of intensive care unit stay (7 days vs. 11.9 days, p = .010).

Nonrandomized Comparative Studies
Edwards et al. (2014) evaluated outcomes after EVAR and open repair for ruptured AAAs among traditional Medicare beneficiaries discharged from a U.S. hospital from 2001 to 2008.37, Overall, 10998 patients underwent ruptured AAA repair, 1126 by EVAR and 9872 by open repair. The population analyzed included 1099 patient pairs who were propensity-score matched based on baseline demographics, comorbid conditions, admission source, and hospital volume of ruptured AAA repair. Short-term mortality was significantly lower in the EVAR group (33.8% vs. 47.7%, p < .001). The survival benefit persisted until 4 years post-surgery. However, at 36 months after surgery, EVAR patients (10.9%) were more likely to have had AAA-related reinterventions than open repair patients (1.5%; p < .001). Strengths of this trial included its large sample size, the availability of longer-term follow-up data, and the use of propensity-score matching to reduce bias based on observed variables. However, the trial was subject to bias because unobserved variables might have been associated with the decision to perform open repair.

Section Summary: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair as an Alternative to Open Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
For patients with ruptured AAAs to be candidates for endovascular repair, the lesions must be suitable for the endovascular devices, and patients must to be sufficiently stable to undergo CT evaluation. Three major RCTs and systematic reviews of these RCTs have published outcomes comparing EVAR with open surgery for patients with ruptured AAA. They reported that the 30-day and 1-year mortality rates for EVAR did not differ significantly from those for open surgery, while perioperative complications were reduced with EVAR. However, a large nonrandomized matched comparison demonstrated that EVAR is associated with a perioperative mortality benefit up to 4 years postsurgery, at the cost of the increased likelihood of the need for reintervention. Longer-term outcomes comparing EVAR with open surgery for ruptured aneurysms have not been reported.

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Smaller Aneurysms or for Patients Ineligible for Open Surgery
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of endovascular stent grafts is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies, such as nonsurgical therapy, in patients with AAA ineligible for open repair.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of EVAR improve the net health outcome in individuals with AAAs ineligible for open repair?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is individuals with AAA ineligible for open repair. This population includes patients with smaller aneurysms that do not meet the size threshold for open surgery and patients who cannot undergo open surgery due to prohibitive operative risk.

Interventions
The therapy being considered is endovascular stent grafts.

Endovascular stent grafts can be used as minimally invasive alternatives to open surgical repair for treatment of AAAs. Open surgical repair of AAAs has high morbidity and mortality, and endovascular grafts have the potential to reduce the operative risk associated with AAA repair.

Comparators
Comparators of interest include nonsurgical therapy.

Outcomes
The general outcomes of interest are OS, morbid events, treatment-related morbidity, and treatment-related mortality.

Available literature indicates long-term follow-up of 8 to 12 years.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

• To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
• In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
• To assess long-term outcomes and adverse events, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
• Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Review of Evidence
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Smaller Aneurysms
Systematic Reviews
A Cochrane Review by Filardo et al. (2015) summarized the evidence on interventions for small aneurysms (4.0 to 5.5 cm), either by open surgery or EVAR.³⁸ Four RCTs were identified, including 2 RCTs on EVAR (discussed below)39,40, and 2 others on open surgical repair. Combined analysis of the 2 EVAR trials revealed no difference in mortality at 1 year (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.60 to 2.17). There was also no survival benefit for the trials of open surgery. An update of the 2015 Cochrane Review was attempted in 2020, but no new studies were identified for inclusion.⁴¹

Randomized Controlled Trials
Comparison of Surveillance Versus Aortic Endografting for Small Aneurysm Repair Trial
The Comparison of Surveillance Versus Aortic Endografting for Small Aneurysm Repair (CAESAR) trial compared the use of EVAR for small AAAs not meeting the current thresholds recommended for intervention with active surveillance.³⁹ The study enrolled 360 patients, 50 to 79 years old, with aneurysms of 4.1 to 5.4 cm. Patients were randomized to early EVAR or surveillance by ultrasound and/or CT. In the surveillance group, surgery was performed only after the AAA met current recommendations for intervention (≥ 5.5 cm, growth 1 cm/y, or symptomatic). If the repair was indicated, EVAR was performed unless the anatomy of the AAA was unsuitable for EVAR, in which case open repair was performed. Patients were followed for a median of 32.4 months for the primary outcome of all-cause mortality.

The primary outcome occurred at a lower rate than anticipated, thus limiting the power to detect a difference. At final follow-up, there was no significant difference in the main endpoint. Kaplan-Meier estimates of all-cause mortality were 10.1% for the surveillance group and 14.5% for the EVAR group (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.30 to 1.93). Aneurysm-related mortality, aneurysm rupture, and major morbidity rates were also similar between groups. For patients in the surveillance group, the Kaplan-Meier estimate of undergoing aneurysm repair was 59.7% at 36 months and 84.5% at 54 months.

De Rango (2011) published a follow-up on the CAESAR trial that reported on QOL outcomes.⁴² Patients were assessed with the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and yearly after that (mean follow-up, 31.8 months). Following EVAR, QOL scores in the EVAR arm improved while those in the observation arm worsened. At 6-month follow-up, QOL scores in the EVAR group were significantly higher than in the observation group, with significant differences found for 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey overall score (mean difference, 5.4; p = .002), physical domain score (mean difference, 3.8; p = .02), and mental domain score (mean difference, 6.0; p = .001). Over longer follow-up, scores in both the EVAR and observation groups declined, and scores did not differ significantly at 1 year and beyond.

Positive Impact of Endovascular Options for Treating Aneurysms Early Trial
The Positive Impact of Endovascular Options for Treating Aneurysms Early (PIVOTAL) trial randomized 728 patients with AAAs of 4 to 5 cm to early EVAR or ultrasound surveillance.40, Patients were followed for a mean of 20 months for the primary outcomes (aneurysm rupture, aneurysm-related death, overall mortality). At the final follow-up, overall mortality was the same in both groups (4.1%). Aneurysm rupture or aneurysm-related death occurred at a low rate and was also the same for both groups (0.6%). The HR for the primary outcome measures was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.14 to 7.06).

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Patients Ineligible for Open Repair
Randomized Controlled Trials
Greenhalgh et al. (2005) reported on the EVAR2 trial, which compared endovascular repair for AAAs with no surgical intervention in patients unsuitable for open surgery.⁵ Patients (338 of 404 eligible) who had been excluded from the EVAR1 trial were randomized to endovascular repair or medical management. Endovascular repair had a 9% 30-day operative mortality and did not improve survival over no intervention. However, the results of this trial were limited, because 20% of patients assigned to medical management underwent elective aneurysm repair in violation of the protocol. Also, endovascular repair was not performed until a median of 57 days after randomization. During this period, 9 aneurysms ruptured, contributing to the endovascular mortality calculation, biasing results against endovascular repair.

Greenhalgh et al. (2010) reported on a longer-term follow-up from the EVAR2 trial and evaluated 404 patients randomized to EVAR or no treatment.⁴³ The perioperative mortality rate in the EVAR group was 7.3%. At the 8-year follow-up, aneurysm-related mortality was lower in the EVAR group, but overall mortality did not differ (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.27). There was a high rate of long-term complications in the EVAR group, with 48% of patients having a graft-related complication, and 27% of patients required reintervention for complications.

Sweeting et al. (2017) reported on a very long-term follow-up of patients (mean follow-up, 12 years) for the EVAR2 trial and found that life expectancy was 4.2 years and was the same independent of treatment.⁴⁴ At 12 years, an estimated 5.3% (95% CI, 2.6% to 9.2%) of patients in the EVAR group were still living, compared with 8.5% (95% CI, 5.2% to 12.9%) of patients who received no intervention. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in total mortality (EVAR, 22.6 deaths per 100 person-years vs. no intervention, 22.1 deaths per 100 person-years; adjusted HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.34; p = .52). For aneurysm-related mortality, patients who received EVAR had a survival advantage at long-term follow-up (3.3 deaths per 100 person-years) compared with those who received no intervention (6.5 deaths per 100 person-years; adjusted HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.91). As previously discussed, substantial crossover and the small sample size at 8 years and beyond are limitations of this long-term follow-up. While there appears to be no OS advantage for the patients ineligible for open repair who receive EVAR compared with those who did not receive intervention for AAA, there is an apparent reduction in aneurysm-related mortality for EVAR patients.

Retrospective Cohort
Khoury et al. (2022) assessed outcomes after EVAR via the utilization of more contemporary post-EVAR2 data from the Vascular Quality Initiative database of the Society of Vascular Surgery (2003 to 2020). Patients were categorized as unfit (n = 4,435) or suitable (n = 27,036) for open AAA repair.⁴⁵ The primary outcome of the study was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and 1-year mortality. Patients deemed unfit for open repair had significantly higher 30-day mortality (0.8% vs. 0.4%; p < .001), more perioperative MACE (5.1% vs. 2.2%; p < .001), and longer lengths of stay (p < .001) as compared to suitable patients. Unfit patients were also found to have worse 1-year survival as compared to suitable patients per Kaplan-Meier analysis (p < .001). However, unfit and suitable patients had significantly improved actual 1-year mortality with EVAR compared with predicted 1-year mortality without EVAR: 9.5% vs. 15.6% (p < .001) and 4.0% vs. 11.7% (p < .001), respectively. The mortality benefit after EVAR in patients deemed unfit was primarily restricted to those with smaller Gagne indices and larger aneurysm diameters. Those deemed unsuitable for open repair due to frailty or multiple reasons had worse 1-year cumulative survival compared with all other unfit patients. Limitations of this study included its retrospective design, lack of data regarding specifics of aneurysm anatomy, and lack of objective definition of what classifies a patient as "unfit."

Section Summary: Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Smaller Aneurysms or for Patients Ineligible for Open Repair
The evidence does not indicate that EVAR improves outcomes for patients who are not suitable for open surgery, as judged by aneurysm size and/or clinical factors that indicate prohibitive risk for open surgery. For small aneurysms, RCT evidence has suggested that morbidity and mortality outcomes from surveillance are as good as those from early intervention with EVAR. For patients at prohibitive operative risk, 1 RCT reported that EVAR is associated with lower aneurysm-related mortality but not with overall mortality, and that there is a high rate of long-term complications and reinterventions with EVAR. This RCT evidence is biased by a high rate of crossovers, primarily from open surgery to EVAR, which would limit the ability to detect a difference between the 2 treatments. A more contemporary retrospective analysis suggests a likely benefit to EVAR in patients deemed unfit for open AAA repair, which may be reserved for those with lower Gagne Indices, larger AAA diameters, and lack of frailty.

Summary of Evidence
For individuals who have AAAs eligible for open repair who receive endovascular stent grafts, the evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs and cohort studies. Relevant outcomes are OS, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. Evidence from a patient-level meta-analysis of 4 RCTs comparing EVAR with open repair for elective treatment of AAAs has indicated that neither approach is clearly superior to the other. While EVAR is associated with an early reduction in mortality, outcomes at 5 years or longer have generally shown greater reintervention rates and endovascular mortality and comparable OS rates for EVAR and open repair. Thus, the early advantage of EVAR is offset by a higher rate of late complications over the long-term. Based on these data, EVAR may be considered as an alternative to open surgery in patients who are candidates for both procedures. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals who have ruptured AAAs who receive endovascular stent grafts, the evidence includes RCTs, systematic reviews of RCTs, and nonrandomized comparative studies. Relevant outcomes are OS, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. For patients with ruptured AAAs, evidence from 3 major RCTs and 2 meta-analyses has indicated that short- and intermediate-term survival (up to 1 year) following EVAR is comparable with open repair, while perioperative complications are reduced with EVAR. Evidence from a large nonrandomized matched comparison demonstrated that EVAR is associated with a perioperative mortality benefit up to 4 years post surgery, at the cost of the increased likelihood of the need for reintervention. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals who have AAAs ineligible for open repair who receive endovascular stent grafts, the evidence includes RCTs and a retrospective database analysis. Relevant outcomes are OS, morbid events, and treatment-related mortality and morbidity. At least 2 RCTs have compared EVAR with no surgical intervention for patients ineligible for open repair, either because of aneurysm size or prohibitive surgical risk. These trials did not report superior outcomes with EVAR and thus do not support the use of EVAR in this population. The retrospective database analysis suggests a likely benefit to EVAR in patients deemed unfit for open AAA repair, which may be reserved for those with lower Gagne Indices, larger AAA diameters, and lack of frailty. The evidence is insufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

The purpose of the following information is to provide reference material. Inclusion does not imply endorsement or alignment with the evidence review conclusions.

Practice Guidelines and Position Statements
Guidelines or position statements will be considered for inclusion in Supplemental Information if they were issued by, or jointly by, a U.S. professional society, an international society with U.S. representation, or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Priority will be given to guidelines that are informed by a systematic review, include strength of evidence ratings, and include a description of management of conflict of interest.

American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association
In 2011, the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association released an update to their 2005 guidelines on the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) that focused on the management of patients with peripheral artery disease.⁴⁶ These guidelines made the following recommendations (Table 7).

Table 7. Guidelines on Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Recommendation	COR	LOE
Open or endovascular repair of infrarenal AAAs and/or common iliac aneurysms is indicated inpatients who are good surgical candidates	I	A
Periodic long-term surveillance imaging should be performed to monitor for endoleak, confirm graft position, document shrinkage or stability of the excluded aneurysm sac, and determine the need for further intervention in patients who have undergone endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic and/or iliac aneurysms	I	A
Open aneurysm repair is reasonable to perform in patients who are good surgical candidates but who cannot comply with the periodic long-term surveillance required after endovascular repair	IIa	C
Endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms in patients who are at high surgical or anesthetic risk as determined by the presence of coexisting severe cardiac, pulmonary, and/or renal disease is of uncertain effectiveness	IIb	C

AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; COR: class of recommendation; LOE: level of evidence.
In 2006, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association suggested in their professional guidelines, based on both randomized and nonrandomized trials, that endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic and/or common iliac aneurysms is reasonable in patients at high risk of complication from open surgeries.⁴⁷

Society of Interventional Radiology
In 2010, the Society of Interventional Radiology developed guidelines on the use of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) that were endorsed by the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe and the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association.⁴⁸ These guidelines indicated that:

“Indications for EVAR are currently the same as open repair ….”

“Patient preference for EVAR versus open repair should be considered when appropriate ….”

“Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair should be considered as having an intermediate to high cardiac risk that ranges from 3% to 7%.”

There has been increasing use of EVAR for ruptured aneurysms. “Achieving optimal EVAR results for ruptured AAA requires establishment of a treatment protocol involving the emergency department, the endovascular team, anesthesiology, and the operating room personnel.”

“Lifelong imaging surveillance of patients after EVAR is critical for (i) the detection and, if possible, the characterization of endoleaks; (ii) evidence of expansion or shrinkage of the residual AAA sac through measurement of aneurysm size, volume calculation, and identification of substantial changes in aneurysm dimensions; (iii) detection of mechanical changes in the stent-graft, such as migration, kinking, or fracture; and (iv) evaluation of the long-term performance of the endoprosthesis.”

Society for Vascular Surgery
In 2018, the Society for Vascular Surgery published guidelines for the treatment of AAAs.⁴⁹ As in previous publications, these guidelines indicated that open surgery and EVAR are options for patients with aneurysms that meet the current treatment threshold. These guidelines also made the following recommendations (Table 8).

Table 8. Guidelines on Management of Patients With Aneurysms

Recommendation	QOE	LOR
EVAR is progressively replacing open surgery as the treatment of choice, and accounts for more than half of all elective AAA repairs in the United States
Emergent EVAR should be considered for treatment of a ruptured AAA, if anatomically feasible	Moderate	Strong
EVAR may be considered for high-risk patients unfit for surgical repair	Low	Weak
For patients with ruptured aneurysm, immediate repair is recommended	High	Strong

AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; EVAR: endovascular aneurysm repair; LOR: level of recommendation; QOE: quality of evidence.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) on AAA screening were updated on Dec. 10, 2019.⁵⁰ The USPSTF notes the following in their section on Current Practice as it relates to this topic:

"The standard of care for elective repair is that patients with an AAA of 5.5 cm or larger in diameter should be referred for surgical intervention with either open repair or EVAR. This recommendation is based on RCTs conducted in men. The AAA size needed for surgical intervention in women may differ. As a result, guidelines from the Society for Vascular Surgery recommend repairing AAAs between 5.0 and 5.4 cm in diameter in women. However, concerns about poorer surgical outcomes in women, who have more complex anatomy and smaller blood vessels, have led some to caution against lowering the threshold for surgical intervention in women."

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of AAAs were published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in March 2020.⁵¹ Recommendations for repairing unruptured aneurysms include:

• "1.5.1: Consider aneurysm repair for people with an unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), if it is:
  • symptomatic
  • asymptomatic, larger than 4.0 cm, and has grown by more than 1 cm in 1 year (measured inner-to-inner maximum anterior-posterior aortic diameter on ultrasound)
  • asymptomatic and 5.5 cm or larger (measured inner-to-inner maximum anterior-posterior aortic diameter on ultrasound)."
• "1.5.4: Consider endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for people with unruptured AAAs who meet the criteria in recommendation 1.5.1 and who have abdominal copathology, such as a hostile abdomen, horseshoe kidney or a stoma, or other considerations, specific to and discussed with the person, that may make EVAR the preferred option"
• "1.5.5: Consider EVAR or conservative management for people with unruptured AAAs meeting the criteria in recommendation 1.5.1 who have anaesthetic risks and/or medical comorbidities that would contraindicate open surgical repair."

Recommendations for repairing ruptured aneurysms include:

• "1.6.1: Consider endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) or open surgical repair for people with a ruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Be aware that:
  • EVAR provides more benefit than open surgical repair for most people, especially men over 70 and women of any age
  • Open surgical repair is likely to provide a better balance of benefits and harms in men under 70."
• "1.6.2: Consider open surgical repair for people with a ruptured AAA if standard EVAR is unsuitable."

Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials
Some currently ongoing and unpublished trials that might influence this review are listed in Table 9.

Table 9. Summary of Key Trials

NCT No.	Trial Name	Planned Enrollment	Completion Date
Ongoing
NCT01937949a	Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life Measures in Patients Treated for Complex Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms With Fenestrated Stent Grafts	200	May 2030
NCT01726257a	Prospective, Multicenter, Single Arm Safety and Effectiveness Study of Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using the Nellix® System: A Pivotal and Continued Access Study	333	Jun 2022
NCT03966521	The British Society of Endovascular Therapy ConformabLe EndoVascular Repair (BSET-CLEVAR) Registry	150	Dec 2022
NCT04220177a	Prospective, Open-label, Multicenter, Non-randomized Clinical Study to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of SETA LATECBA Stent Graft for Endovascular Repair Therapy (EVAR) in Subjects With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)	42	Mar 2022
NCT02996396a	Multicenter, Observational, Registry to Assess Outcomes of Patients Treated With the CE Nellix® System for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair	300	Nov 2024
NCT03298477a	Prospective, Multicenter, Single Arm Safety and Effectiveness Confirmatory Study of Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using the Nellix System IDE Study (EVAS 2 Confirmatory IDE Study)	98	Aug 2025
NCT02489539a	Assessment of the GORE® EXCLUDER® Conformable AAA Endoprosthesis in the Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms	190	Dec 2026
NCT03180996a	A Prospective, Global, Multicentre, Real World Outcome Study of Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Using the Fenestrated Anaconda™ Device	160	Dec 2030
NCT03446287	Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life Measures in Patients Treated With Open Surgical Repair for Complex Aortic Aneurysms	150	Dec 2030
Unpublished
NCT02485496a	SECURE - A poSt-market Registry in Patients With infraEnal aortiC Aneurysm Undergoing endovasculaR Stenting With the New E-tegra Stent Graft System	100	Dec 2021

NCT: national clinical trial.
a Denotes an industry-sponsored or cosponsored trial.

References

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19. Li B, Khan S, Salata K, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term outcomes of endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. Sep 2019; 70(3): 954-969.e30. PMID 31147117
20. Yokoyama Y, Kuno T, Takagi H. Meta-analysis of phase-specific survival after elective endovascular versus surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm from randomized controlled trials and propensity score-matched studies. J Vasc Surg. Oct 2020; 72(4): 1464-1472.e6. PMID 32330598
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22. Ulug P, Sweeting MJ, von Allmen RS, et al. Morphological suitability for endovascular repair, non-intervention rates, and operative mortality in women and men assessed for intact abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Lancet. Jun 24 2017; 389(10088): 2482-2491. PMID 28455148
23. Lederle FA, Freischlag JA, Kyriakides TC, et al. Long-term comparison of endovascular and open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. Nov 22 2012; 367(21): 1988-97. PMID 23171095
24. Lederle FA, Kyriakides TC, Stroupe KT, et al. Open versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. N Engl J Med. May 30 2019; 380(22): 2126-2135. PMID 31141634
25. De Bruin JL, Baas AF, Buth J, et al. Long-term outcome of open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. May 20 2010; 362(20): 1881-9. PMID 20484396
26. Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Powell JT, et al. Endovascular versus open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. May 20 2010; 362(20): 1863-71. PMID 20382983
27. Brown LC, Thompson SG, Greenhalgh RM, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular events and death after open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the randomized EVAR trial 1. Br J Surg. Jul 2011; 98(7): 935-42. PMID 21484775
28. Becquemin JP, Pillet JC, Lescalie F, et al. A randomized controlled trial of endovascular aneurysm repair versus open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms in low- to moderate-risk patients. J Vasc Surg. May 2011; 53(5): 1167-1173.e1. PMID 21276681
29. Krenzien F, Matia I, Wiltberger G, et al. Outcome after open surgery repair in endovascular-suitable patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasa. Nov 2013; 42(6): 442-8. PMID 24220121
30. van Beek SC, Reimerink JJ, Vahl AC, et al. Outcomes after open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with friendly versus hostile aortoiliac anatomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Apr 2014; 47(4): 380-7. PMID 24485844
31. Sweeting MJ, Balm R, Desgranges P, et al. Individual-patient meta-analysis of three randomized trials comparing endovascular versus open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. Sep 2015; 102(10): 1229-39. PMID 26104471
32. Badger S, Forster R, Blair PH, et al. Endovascular treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. May 26 2017; 5: CD005261. PMID 28548204
33. Powell JT, Sweeting MJ, Thompson MM, et al. Endovascular or open repair strategy for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 30 day outcomes from IMPROVE randomised trial. BMJ. Jan 13 2014; 348: f7661. PMID 24418950
34. Braithwaite B, Cheshire NJ, Greenhalgh RM, et al. Endovascular strategy or open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: one-year outcomes from the IMPROVE randomized trial. Eur Heart J. Aug 14 2015; 36(31): 2061-2069. PMID 25855369
35. Reimerink JJ, Hoornweg LL, Vahl AC, et al. Endovascular repair versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. Aug 2013; 258(2): 248-56. PMID 23549424
36. Desgranges P, Kobeiter H, Katsahian S, et al. Editor's Choice - ECAR (Endovasculaire ou Chirurgie dans les Anevrysmes aorto-iliaques Rompus): A French Randomized Controlled Trial of Endovascular Versus Open Surgical Repair of Ruptured Aorto-iliac Aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Sep 2015; 50(3): 303-10. PMID 26001320
37. Edwards ST, Schermerhorn ML, O'Malley AJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of endovascular versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Medicare population. J Vasc Surg. Mar 2014; 59(3): 575-82. PMID 24342064
38. Filardo G, Powell JT, Martinez MA, et al. Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Feb 08 2015; (2): CD001835. PMID 25927098
39. Cao P, De Rango P, Verzini F, et al. Comparison of surveillance versus aortic endografting for small aneurysm repair (CAESAR): results from a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Jan 2011; 41(1): 13-25. PMID 20869890
40. Ouriel K, Clair DG, Kent KC, et al. Endovascular repair compared with surveillance for patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. May 2010; 51(5): 1081-7. PMID 20304589
41. Ulug P, Powell JT, Martinez MA, et al. Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jul 01 2020; 7: CD001835. PMID 32609382
42. De Rango P, Verzini F, Parlani G, et al. Quality of life in patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysm: the effect of early endovascular repair versus surveillance in the CAESAR trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Mar 2011; 41(3): 324-31. PMID 21145269
43. Greenhalgh RM, Brown LC, Powell JT, et al. Endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm in patients physically ineligible for open repair. N Engl J Med. May 20 2010; 362(20): 1872-80. PMID 20382982
44. Sweeting MJ, Patel R, Powell JT, et al. Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Patients Physically Ineligible for Open Repair: Very Long-term Follow-up in the EVAR-2 Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Surg. Nov 2017; 266(5): 713-719. PMID 28742684
45. Khoury MK, Heid CA, Rectenwald JE, et al. Understanding who benefits from endovascular aortic repair in those deemed unfit for open repair. J Vasc Surg. Feb 25 2022. PMID 35227800
46. Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 01 2011; 58(19): 2020-45. PMID 21963765
47. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 21 2006; 47(6): 1239-312. PMID 16545667
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Coding Section 

Codes	Number	Description
CPT		The use of endovascular prostheses as a treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms involves complex CPT coding
	34701-34702	Endovascular repair of infrarenal aorta by deployment of an aorto-aortic tube endograft code range
	34703-34704	Endovascular repair of infrarenal aorta and/or iliac artery(ies) by deployment of an aorto-uni-iliac endograft code range
	34705-34706	Endovascular repair of infrarenal aorta and/or iliac artery(ies) by deployment of an aorto-bi-iliac endograft code range
	34707-34708	Endovascular repair of iliac artery by deployment of an ilio-iliac tube endograft code range
	34709	Placement of extension prosthesis(es) distal to the common iliac artery(ies) or proximal to the renal artery(ies) for endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic or iliac aneurysm, false aneurysm, dissection, penetrating ulcer, including pre-procedure sizing and device selection, all nonselective catheterization(s), all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, and treatment zone angioplasty/stenting, when performed, per vessel treated (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
	34710-34711	Delayed placement of distal or proximal extension prosthesis for endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic or iliac aneurysm, false aneurysm, dissection, endoleak, or endograft migration code range
	34717	Endovascular repair of iliac artery at the time of aorto-iliac artery endograft placement by deployment of an iliac branched endograft (new eff 1/1/2020)
	34718	Endovascular repair of iliac artery, not associated with placement of an aorto-iliac artery endograft at the same session, by deployment of an iliac branched endograft (new eff 1/1/2020)
	34812	Open femoral artery exposure for delivery of endovascular prosthesis, by groin incision, unilateral (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
	34820	Open iliac artery exposure for delivery of endovascular prosthesis or iliac occlusion during endovascular therapy, by abdominal or retroperitoneal incision, unilateral (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
	34830-34832	Open repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysm or dissection code range
	34839	Physician planning of a patient-specific fenestrated visceral aortic endograft requiring a minimum of 90 minutes of physician time
	34841-34844	Endovascular repair of visceral aorta (eg, aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, dissection, penetrating ulcer, intramural hematoma, or traumatic disruption) by deployment of a fenestrated visceral aortic endograft code range
	34845-34848	Endovascular repair of visceral aorta and infrarenal abdominal aorta (e.g., aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, dissection, penetrating ulcer, intramural hematoma, or traumatic disruption) with a fenestrated visceral aortic endograft and concomitant unibody or modular infrarenal aortic endograft code range
	36200	Introduction of catheter, aorta
	36245	Selective catheter placement, arterial system; each first order abdominal, pelvic, or lower extremity artery branch, within a vascular family
	0254T	Endovascular repair of iliac artery bifurcation (e.g., aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, trauma, dissection) using bifurcated endograft from the common iliac artery into both the external and internal iliac artery, including all selective and/or nonselective catheterization(s) required for device placement and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, unilateral (deleted eff 1/1/2020) To report use 34717-34718
HCPCS	No code
ICD-10-CM	I71.3	Abdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured
	I71.4	Abdominal aortic aneurysm, without rupture
ICD-10-PCS	04V00DZ	Restriction of Abdominal Aorta with Intraluminal Device; Open Approach
	04V03DZ	Restriction of Abdominal Aorta with Intraluminal Device; Percutaneous Approach
	04V04DZ	Restriction of Abdominal Aorta with Intraluminal Device; Percutaneous Endoscopic Approach
Type of Service	Surgery
Place of Service	Inpatient

Procedure and diagnosis codes on Medical Policy documents are included only as a general reference tool for each policy. They may not be all-inclusive.

This medical policy was developed through consideration of peer-reviewed medical literature generally recognized by the relevant medical community, U.S. FDA approval status, nationally accepted standards of medical practice and accepted standards of medical practice in this community, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association technology assessment program (TEC) and other nonaffiliated technology evaluation centers, reference to federal regulations, other plan medical policies, and accredited national guidelines.

"Current Procedural Terminology © American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved" 

History From 2014 Forward     

07/12/2022	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating rationale and references
07/07/2021	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating rationale and references.
07/27/2020	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating regulatory status, guidelines, coding, rationale and references.
12/13/2019	Added codes '34717' and 34718'
07/01/2019	Annual review, no change to policy intent.
07/17/2018	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating background, rationale & references. Also updating guidelines and coding sections for clarity and additional coding.
12/12/2017	Interim review to update coding for 2018. Removing outdated coding from guidelines and updating coding section.
12/7/2017	Updating policy with 2018 coding. No other changes.
07/25/2017	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating background, description, regulatory status, rationale and references.
07/13/2016	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating title, background, description, regulatory status, rationale and references.
07/28/2015	Annual reivew, no change to policy intent. Updated background, description, guidelines, rationale and references. Addied regulatory status and coding.
07/08/2014	Annual review. Added related policy, updated rationale and references. No change to policy intent.