Magnetic Resonance‒Guided Focused Ultrasound - CAM 701109

Description:
An integrated system providing magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatment is proposed as a noninvasive therapy for uterine fibroids and pain palliation of bone metastases. MRgFUS is also being investigated as a treatment of other benign and malignant tumors as well as essential tremors.

Background
UTERINE FIBROIDS
Uterine fibroids are one of the most common conditions affecting women in the reproductive years. Symptoms of uterine fibroids include menorrhagia, pelvic pressure, or pain.

Treatment
Approaches currently available to treat symptomatic uterine fibroids include hysterectomy, abdominal myomectomy, laparoscopic and hysteroscopic myomectomy, hormone therapy, uterine artery embolization, and watchful waiting. Hysterectomy and various myomectomy procedures are considered the criterion standard treatments.

Metastatic Bone Disease
Metastatic bone disease is one of the most common causes of cancer pain.

Treatment
Existing treatments include conservative measures (e.g., massage, exercise) and pharmacologic agents (e.g., analgesics, bisphosphonates, corticosteroids). For patients who do not respond to these treatments, standard care is external-beam radiotherapy. However, a substantial proportion of patients have residual pain after radiotherapy, and there is a need for alternative treatments for these patients. (One option, radiofrequency ablation, is addressed in related evidence review 7.01.95).

Essential Tremors
Essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 5% worldwide. Essential tremor most often affects the hands and arms, may affect head and voice, and rarely includes the face, legs, and trunk. Essential tremor is heterogeneous among patients, varying in frequency, amplitude, causes of exacerbation, and association with other neurologic deficits.

Treatment
The neuropathology of ET is uncertain, with some evidence suggesting that ET is localized in the brainstem and cerebellum. If patients with ET experience intermittent or persistent disability due to the tremors, initial therapy is with drugs (beta-blockers or anticonvulsants). For medicine-refractory patients, surgery (deep brain stimulation or thalamotomy) may be offered, though high rates of adverse events have been observed.

Tremor-Dominant Parkinson Disease
The 3 cardinal features of Parkinson disease (PD) are tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. The tremor in PD is a resting tremor that occurs when the body part is not engaged in purposeful activities. Major subtypes of PD include tremor-dominant, akinetic-rigid, and postural instability and gait difficulty. The progression of PD is highly variable and patients can change subtypes as the disease progresses.

Treatment
Dopaminergic therapy (i.e., levodopa or a dopamine agonist) is the first-line treatment for PD, which improves tremor. Amantadine and anticholinergics (e.g., trihexyphenidyl) can also be considered as initial treatment for tremor-dominant PD or as add-on therapy in patients who have persistent tremor despite dopaminergic therapy. For medication-refractory patients, surgery (deep brain stimulation or lesioning procedures) may be offered. Lesioning procedures include conventional unilateral thalamotomy and focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Deep brain stimulation is the most frequently performed surgical procedure for the treatment of PD.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound
Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a noninvasive treatment that combines 2 technologies: focused ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ultrasound beam penetrates through the soft tissues and, using MRI for guidance and monitoring, the beam can be focused on targeted sites. Ultrasound causes a local increase in temperature in the target tissue, resulting in coagulation necrosis while sparing the surrounding normal structures. Ultrasound waves from each sonication are directed at a focal point that has a maximum focal volume of 20 nm in diameter and 15 nm in height/length. This causes a rapid rise in temperature (i.e., to 65°C – 85°C), which is sufficient to ablate tissue at the focal point. In addition to providing guidance, the associated MRI can provide online thermometric imaging, a temperature "map", to confirm the therapeutic effect of the ablation treatment and allow for real-time adjustment of the treatment parameters.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the ExAblate^® MRgFUS system (InSightec) for 4 indications: treatment of uterine fibroids (leiomyomata), palliation of pain associated with tumors metastatic to bone, medication refractory ET, and tremor-dominant PD. The ultrasound equipment is specifically designed to be compatible with magnetic resonance magnets, and it is integrated into standard clinical MRI units; it also includes a patient table, which has a cradle that houses the focused ultrasound transducer in water or a light oil bath. Some models have a detachable cradle; only certain cradle types can be used for palliation of pain associated with metastatic bone cancer. For treating pain associated with bone metastases, the aim of MRgFUS is to destroy nerves in the bone surface surrounding the tumor.

MRgFUS is also being investigated for the treatment of other tumors, including breast, prostate, brain, and desmoid tumors as well as nonspinal osteoid osteoma.

Regulatory Status
In October 2004, the ExAblate 2000 System (InSightec) was approved by the FDA through the premarket approval process for "ablation of uterine fibroid tissue in pre- or perimenopausal women with symptomatic uterine fibroids who desire a uterine sparing procedure." Treatment is indicated for women with a uterine gestational size of fewer than 24 weeks who have completed childbearing.

In October 2012, the ExAblate System, Model 2000/2100/2100 VI, was approved by the FDA through the premarket approval process for pain palliation in adults with metastatic bone cancer who have failed or are not candidates for radiotherapy. The device was evaluated through an expedited review process. The FDA required a postapproval study with 70 patients to evaluate the effectiveness of the system under actual clinical conditions.

In July 2016, the FDA approved the use of the ExAblate Neuro System for the treatment of ET in patients who have not responded to medication (beta-blockers or anticonvulsant drugs) through the premarket approval process. In December 2018, the FDA approved the use of the ExAblate Model 4000 (Neuro) for the treatment of tremor-dominant PD with medication-refractory tremor through the premarket approval process.

FDA product codes: NRZ, POH.

Related Policies
40111 Occlusion of Uterine Arteries Using Transcatheter Embolization
70195 Radiofrequency Ablation of Miscellaneous Solid Tumors Excluding Liver Tumors

Policy:
Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity ultrasound ablation may be considered MEDICALY NECESSARY for pain palliation in adults with metastatic bone cancer who have failed or are not candidates for radiotherapy.

Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity ultrasound ablation may be considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY for the treatment of medicine-refractory essential tremors.

Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity ultrasound ablation is investigational and/or unproven and therefore considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY in all other situations including but not limited to:

Treatment of uterine fibroids; and
Treatment of other tumors (eg, brain cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, desmoid).
Treatment of medication-refractory tremor dominant Parkinson disease.

Policy Gudielines
See Codes table for details.

Benefit Application
BlueCard/National Account Issues
Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids is currently performed at a limited number of institutions; therefore, out-of-network referral may be requested.

State or federal mandates (e.g., FEP) may dictate that certain U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved devices, drugs, or biologics may not be considered investigational, and thus these devices may be assessed only on the basis of their medical necessity.

Rationale
This review was informed by a TEC Assessment (2005) on magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata, which found the evidence of efficacy insufficient compared with conventional therapies.¹

Evidence reviews assess the clinical evidence to determine whether the use of technology improves the net health outcome. Broadly defined, health outcomes are the length of life, quality of life, and ability to function-including benefits and harms. Every clinical condition has specific outcomes that are important to patients and managing the course of that condition. Validated outcome measures are necessary to ascertain whether a condition improves or worsens; and whether the magnitude of that change is clinically significant. The net health outcome is a balance of benefits and harms.

To assess whether the evidence is sufficient to draw conclusions about the net health outcome of technology, 2 domains are examined: the relevance, and quality and credibility. To be relevant, studies must represent 1 or more intended clinical use of the technology in the intended population and compare an effective and appropriate alternative at a comparable intensity. For some conditions, the alternative will be supportive care or surveillance. The quality and credibility of the evidence depend on study design and conduct, minimizing bias and confounding that can generate incorrect findings. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is preferred to assess efficacy; however, in some circumstances, nonrandomized studies may be adequate. RCTs are rarely large enough or long enough to capture less common adverse events and long-term effects. Other types of studies can be used for these purposes and to assess generalizability to broader clinical populations and settings of clinical practice.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Uterine Fibroids
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of MRgFUS in patients with uterine fibroids is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRgFUS to treat patients with uterine fibroids improve the net health outcome?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is patients with uterine fibroids

Interventions
The therapy being considered is MRgFUS, which is a thermoablative procedure to heat targeted tissue in small volume increments, under constant magnetic resonance imaging guidance.

Comparators
The comparators of interest are alternative nonsurgical treatments or surgery.

Outcomes
For uterine fibroids, the goal is to reduce or eliminate fibroid-related symptoms by reducing fibroid size. Measures to assess the effect of treatment include quality of life, change in uterine and fibroid volume, pain levels, and pain medication use. Outcome measures can be assessed at several months to several years postprocedure.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
To assess long-term outcomes and adverse effects, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Review of Evidence
Evidence for the use of MRgFUS for the treatment of uterine fibroids consists of 2 small RCTs and many observational studies.

Randomized Controlled Trials
Barnard et al. (2017) published preliminary results from Fibroid Interventions: Reducing Symptoms Today and Tomorrow trial, a parallel RCT and cohort study comparing MRgFUS with fibroid embolization to treat uterine fibroids.^2, For the RCT, patients were randomized to uterine artery embolization (UAE; n = 22) or to MRgFUS (n = 27). Patients and investigators were not blinded. Women who did not want to be randomized were enrolled in the cohort study; 16 underwent UAE and 16 underwent MRgFUS. Patients were instructed to keep diaries with the following information: medication use, return to normal activities, and symptoms. After 6 weeks of follow-up for the RCT patients, there were no differences between groups in symptoms such as fatigue, hot flashes, discomfort urinating, vaginal discharge, or constipation. Recovery was significantly faster in the MRgFUS group, as measured by the first day back to work and the first day back to normal. Medication use (i.e., opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen or aspirin, nausea medication, bowel medication) was also significantly lower in the MRgFUS group. Analyses combining the RCT and cohort patients showed similar results. The MRgFUS procedure took significantly longer than the UAE procedure. A trial limitation was the inability to recruit more patients. Long-term follow-up results will be forthcoming.

A pilot sham-controlled randomized trial evaluating MRgFUS for the treatment of uterine fibroids was published by Jacoby et al. (2016).^3, The trial included 20 premenopausal women with symptomatic uterine fibroids (women who were pregnant or had a desire for future children were excluded). Patients were randomized to MRgFUS with the ExAblate 2000 System (n = 13) or to a sham treatment not using thermal energy (n = 7). The investigators did not specify primary outcomes. The sample size was calculated to assess the feasibility of a larger trial, not to provide sufficient statistical power. All patients who were assigned to the MRgFUS group and 6 of 7 in the placebo group received their allocated treatment; all patients who were treated completed 3 months of follow-up. Patients were unblinded at 3 months, and those in the sham group were given the option of active treatment.

Quality of life outcomes included the Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life Questionnaire, which has scales that include the symptom severity score and health-related quality of life score. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, which includes the Mental Component Summary and Physical Component Summary, was also used. At 4- and 12-week follow-ups, there were no statistically significant differences between the MRgFUS and the sham groups in the symptom severity score, the health-related quality of life score, and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey Physical Component Summary or Mental Component Summary scores. Change in uterine and fibroid volume, however, differed significantly between groups at 12 weeks. Uterine volume decreased by 17% in the MRgFUS group and by 3% in the sham group (p = .04). Total fibroid volume decreased by 18% in the MRgFUS group and did not change in the sham group (p = .03). The trialists concluded that a larger sham-controlled randomized trial of MRgFUS was feasible.

Systematic Reviews
The remaining published studies are nonrandomized. A systematic review, published by Gizzo et al. (2014), conducted a literature search through February 2013 and identified 38 uncontrolled studies with a total of 2500 patients who underwent MRgFUS for the treatment of uterine fibroids.^4, All published studies included women 18 years or older with symptomatic uterine fibroids, and most excluded patients who desired future pregnancies. Reviewers did not pool study findings due to the heterogeneity of outcomes but concluded that, overall, MRgFUS appeared to be a safe, noninvasive option for treating uterine fibroids. Future research, particularly RCTs, were recommended to compare MRgFUS with other noninvasive procedures and to explore the fertility-sparing potential further.

Nonrandomized Studies
The following studies were published after the Gizzo (2014) systematic review.

Chen et al. (2016) evaluated 107 women undergoing MRgFUS for the treatment of uterine fibroids.^5, Efficacy was defined as the proportion of patients with at least 10% fibroid shrinkage from baseline, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. At the 6-month follow-up, 93% efficacy was reported.

Froeling et al. (2013) reported on 121 women with symptomatic uterine fibroids who were eligible for treatment with MRgFUS and UAE.⁶ Forty-four (36%) women were lost to follow-up. Follow-up data at 60 months were available for 77 women, 41 in the UAE group, and 36 in the MRgFUS group. The primary outcome was the rate of reintervention (e.g., repeat MRgFUS, myomectomy, hysterectomy, endometrial ablation). During follow-up, 5 (12%) women in the UAE group and 24 (67%) women in the MRgFUS group experienced a reintervention (statistical comparison not reported). Health-related quality of life scores (secondary outcomes) were significantly better in the UAE group than in the MRgFUS group at follow-up.

Fertility Following Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Treatment of Uterine Fibroids
A prospective registry of pregnancies after MRgFUS had been maintained by the manufacturer of the ExAblate device. Rabinovici et al. (2010) reported on 54 known pregnancies a mean of 8 months after treatment.⁷ They included 8 pregnancies from clinical trials designed for women who did not desire pregnancy, 26 pregnancies after commercial treatment, and 20 pregnancies in 17 patients from an ongoing study of MRgFUS in women trying to conceive. Twenty-two (42%) of the 54 pregnancies resulted in deliveries and 11 were ongoing beyond 20 weeks at the time the article was written. There were 14 (26%) miscarriages and 7 (13%) elective terminations. Among the 22 live births, the mean live birth weight was 3.3 kg, and the vaginal delivery rate was 64%. The article provided initial information on the impact of MRgFUS on uterine fibroids in pregnancy; findings suggested that fertility may be maintained but that the number of cases was too small to draw definitive conclusions. The study also did not address the possible impact of MRgFUS treatment on the future ability to become pregnant.

Section Summary: Uterine Fibroids
For the treatment of uterine fibroids, there are 2 small RCTs, 1 with 49 women that compared MRgFUS with UAE and the other a feasibility trial assessing 20 women that had a sham control. Several nonrandomized studies have also compared MRgFUS with different treatments. The sham-controlled randomized trial concluded that a larger trial would be feasible. The trial reported significantly lower fibroid volumes in the active treatment group; however, there were no statistically significant differences in quality of life between the groups. The other RCT reported no significant differences in medication use or symptoms between the MRgFUS and UAE groups. Recovery was significantly faster in the MRgFUS group than in the UAE group. A 2014 systematic review, which identified only noncomparative studies, did not pool results due to heterogeneity in outcomes among the studies. While reviewers concluded that MRgFUS may be a safe and effective minimally invasive option for the treatment of fibroids, they noted that RCTs comparing MRgFUS with other noninvasive procedures would be informative. In a 2013 comparative study, outcomes appeared to be better with UAE than with MRgFUS. There is insufficient evidence on the long-term treatment effects, recurrence rates, and impact on future fertility and pregnancy of this therapy.

Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound for Palliative Treatment of Bone Metastases
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of MRgFUS in patients with metastatic bone cancer is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRgFUS to treat patients with metastatic bone cancer improve the net health outcome?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is patients with metastatic bone cancer who have failed radiotherapy or who are not candidates for radiotherapy.

Interventions
The therapy being considered is MRgFUS, which is a thermoablative procedure to heat targeted tissue in small volume increments, under constant magnetic resonance imaging guidance.

Comparators
The comparator of interest for metastatic bone cancer is supportive care.

Outcomes
For metastatic bone cancer, the goal is to alleviate pain. Measures to assess the effect of treatment include pain levels and pain medication use. Outcome measures can be assessed at several months to several years postprocedure.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
To assess long-term outcomes and adverse effects, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Evidence for the use of MRgFUS for the treatment of painful bone metastases consists of a large RCT and a systematic review of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies with longer-term follow-up or not included in the systematic review are summarized.

Systematic Reviews
Baal et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of studies published between 2007 and 2019 evaluating MRgFUS treatment for painful bone metastases.⁸ A total of 33 studies were identified, comprised of 3 RCTs, 6 retrospective studies, and 24 prospective studies, representing 1082 patients. Thirteen studies were available in abstract form only. The median study sample size was 21 patients (range 5 to 140) with a median follow-up period of 3 months (range, 1 to 12 months). Efficacy was assessed by treatment response (complete response or partial response (≥ 2-point improvement in pain score) and the mean difference in pain scores (10-point VAS (visual analog scale) or NRS (numeric rating scale)) from baseline to month 1/month 3. The pooled proportion of patients with a treatment response to MRgFUS was 79% (95% confidence interval (CI), 73% to 83%; based on 20 studies (n = 636)). The pooled 1-month and 3-month mean difference from baseline in pain score were -3.8 (95% CI, -4.3 to -3.3) and -4.4 (95% CI, -5.0 to - 3.7), respectively (based on 20 studies [n = 543]). Across 26 studies (n = 799), 7 high-grade adverse events were observed (1 deep vein thrombosis, 2 cases of grade 3 skin burn, and 4 fractures). Approximately 11.8% of patients experienced sonication-related pain during MRgFUS treatment. The analysis was limited by a lack of a pooled comparator. Additionally, there was substantial heterogeneity of the included studies due to variable study populations (e.g., type of primary cancer), reported data, and treatment details. The majority of the included studies had follow-up periods that were limited to 3 months.

Randomized Controlled Trials
In an RCT evaluating the ExAblate System for the treatment of painful bone metastases, Hurwitz et al. (2014) evaluated patients with 3 or more months of life expectancy who had painful bone metastases despite radiotherapy, or who were unsuitable for or declined radiotherapy.^9, Patients rated tumor pain on a 10-point scale NRS at 4 or greater. While they could have up to 5 painful lesions, only 1 lesion was treated, and it had to cause pain at least 2 points greater on the NRS than any other lesion. Also targeted tumors needed to be device-accessible.

Study participants were randomized 3:1 to active (n = 122) or sham (n = 39) MRgFUS treatment. Ten patients in the treatment group and 4 in the sham group did not receive the allocated treatment. An additional 26 patients in the treatment group and 23 in the sham group did not complete the 3-month follow-up. A larger proportion of the placebo group dropped out: 17 (49%) of 35 who were treated decided to have rescue MRgFUS treatment after a lack of response to placebo. A modified intention-to-treat analysis was used that included patients who had at least 1 MRgFUS or placebo sonication. Missing values were imputed using the last observation carried forward method.

The primary efficacy endpoint, assessed at 3 months, was a composite outcome comprised of the change in baseline in worst NRS score and morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) intake. Patients were considered responders if their worst NRS score decreased by at least 2 points and if their MEDD intake did not increase more than 25% from baseline to 3 months. NRS scores and MEDD intake were reported separately as secondary outcomes.

Seventy-two (64%) of 112 patients in the MRgFUS group and 7 (20%) of 35 patients in the control group were considered responders, as previously defined. The difference was statistically significant (p = .01), favoring active treatment. When the 2 measures comprising the primary endpoint were analyzed separately, there was a statistically significant difference between groups in change in worst NRS score and a nonsignificant difference in change from baseline in pain medication. The NRS score decreased by a mean (standard deviation [SD]) of 3.6 (3.1) points in the MRgFUS group and by a mean of 0.7 (2.4) in the placebo group (p<.01). Change in MEDD from baseline was 3.7 in the MRgFUS group and 15.3 in the placebo group. Fifty-one (46%) patients in the MRgFUS group and 1 (3%) in the placebo group experienced at least 1 adverse event. Most adverse events were transient, with the most common being sonication pain, experienced by 36 (32%) patients in the MRgFUS group. In 17 (15%) patients, sonication pain was severe; 3 patients did not complete treatment due to pain. The most clinically significant adverse events that lasted more than a week were third-degree skin burns in 1 patient (associated with noncompliance with the treatment protocol) and fracture in 2 patients (1 of which was outside the treatment location). Potential trial limitations included a nonconventional primary outcome measure and the small initial size of the sham group. Moreover, a large number of sham patients (66%) did not complete the 3-month follow-up; the trialists indicated that this low completion rate was due to a lack of response to placebo treatment.

Observational Studies
Arrigoni et al. (2017) evaluated the use of MRgFUS in a case series of 14 patients with intra-articular benign bone lesions who were followed for 12 months.¹⁰ Pain was measured by a VAS and all patients underwent computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Mean pain scores significantly decreased from 7.8 pretreatments to 2.0 at 6-month follow-up to 0.6 at 12-month follow-up (p<.001). No patients reported worse symptoms and none reported the procedure unsuccessful. Diagnostic imaging supported the clinical findings and showed calcification of the lesion, lack of contrast enhancement, and resolution of bone edema.

Section Summary: Palliative Treatment of Bone Metastases
The evidence consists of a systematic review of RCTs and observational studies, a single industry-sponsored RCT, and case series. The RCT found significant improvement after MRgFUS in a composite outcome comprised of a reduction in pain and morphine use, and in pain reduction as a stand-alone outcome. This trial was appropriately sham-controlled. A substantial proportion of patients in the treatment group experienced adverse events but most adverse events were transient and not severe. Pooled efficacy data from a systematic review reported a treatment response to MRgFUS of 79%.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Other Tumors
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of MRgFUS in patients with other tumors is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRgFUS to treat patients with other tumors improve the net health outcome?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest are patients with other tumors (e.g., breast cancer, brain cancer, prostate cancer, desmoid, nonspinal osteoid osteoma).

Interventions
The therapy being considered is MRgFUS, which is a thermoablative procedure to heat targeted tissue in small volume increments, under constant magnetic resonance imaging guidance.

Comparators
The comparator of interest for other tumors is standard of care.

Outcomes
For other tumors, the goal is tumor ablation. Outcomes include reductions in tumor size. Outcome measures can be assessed at several months to several years postprocedure.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
To assess long-term outcomes and adverse effects, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Nonrandomized trials
Ghai et al. (2021) conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transrectal MRgFUS treatment for intermediate-risk prostate cancer.¹¹The primary efficacy endpoint was the presence of residual disease at the treatment site at 5 months after the procedure. Study characteristics and results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Ninety-three percent of patients were free of clinically significant prostate cancer at the 5-month biopsy. No major treatment-related adverse events occurred. Study limitations include the short follow-up time to assess efficacy; however, a biopsy at a 24-month follow-up is planned, which will address persistence and recurrent prostate cancer.

Table 1. Summary of Key Nonrandomized Trials Characteristics

Study	Study Type	Country	Dates	Participants	Treatment	Comparator	Follow-Up
Ghai et al. (2021)¹¹	Prospective phase II trial	Canada	2016 – 2019	44 men with unifocal, intermediate-risk prostate cancer with < 20 mm of MRI-visible GG2 or GG3 disease (not previously treated)	Transrectal MRgFUS	None	24 months (results reported through month 5 only)

GG: grade group; MRgFUS: magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.

Table 2. Summary of Key Nonrandomized Trials Results

Study	Residual Disease	Recurrence/response	PSA	Adverse Events
Ghai et al. (2021)¹¹
Transrectal MRgFUS	7% (95% CI, 2.4 to 18.2) had residual disease at 5 months after ablation		Median PSA was 2.4 ng/mL (IQR, 1.1 to 5.4) at 5 months (baseline PSA was 6.4 ng/mL [IQR, 1.1 to 5.4])	16 patients reported dysuria; 5 patients required antispasmodics for bladder spasm in the first week; 2 patients had urinary retention; 1 patient had severe pelvic pain

CI: confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range; MRgFUS: magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound; PSA: prostate specific antigen.

Observational Studies
Only small case series have assessed the safety and/or efficacy of MRgFUS for treating tumors related to breast cancer,^12,^13,^14,^15,¹⁶and brain cancer.¹⁷

Several case series have investigated the use of MRgFUS for nonspinal osteoid osteoma.^18,^19,²⁰ Arrigoni et al. (2021) conducted a propensity score-matched retrospective study to compare treatment with radiofrequency ablation and MRgFUS.¹⁸ A total of 116 patients were treated (61 with radiofrequency ablation and 55 with MRgFUS). After propensity score matching, both radiofrequency ablation and MRgFUS treatment resulted in a significant reduction in pain from baseline as measured by VAS (8.9 to 0.02 and 8.8 to 0.54, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of both groups after the treatment. Four cases of relapse (1 with radiofrequency ablation and 3 with MRgFUS) were observed. Arrigoni et al. (2019) prospectively enrolled children into a study to evaluate MRgFUS treatment for osteoid osteoma.¹⁹ The primary clinical endpoint was defined as the absence of pain (evaluated on the Faces Pain Scale-Revised) at the first follow-up study 1 week after the procedure. A total of 33 children were included in the study and treated with MRgFUS. The mean pain score at baseline was 7.6; the score at week 1 after the procedure significantly improved in all children (mean score, 0.21). Complete absence of pain was reported in 32 of 33 (97%; 95% CI, 84 to 100) of patients at week 1. At the 24-month follow-up visit, imaging results confirmed the complete disappearance of bone edema around all lesions. Geiger et al. (2014) prospectively enrolled patients into a study to evaluate MRgFUS treatment for osteoid osteoma.²⁰ Clinical success was evaluated based on pain reduction (evaluated on a VAS) through 12 months. At the 12-month follow-up, complete clinical success was achieved in 90% of the 29 patients enrolled (mean VAS, 0±0 points); partial success was achieved in the remaining patients (mean VAS, 5±0 points).

The most recent case series on the use of MRgFUS for breast cancer ablation was published by Merckel et al. (2016).¹⁶ Ten patients with early-stage invasive breast cancer underwent MRgFUS prior to surgical resection. Ablation was confirmed histopathologically in 6 of these patients. The investigators concluded that MRgFUS is safe and feasible. A noted limitation is the long procedure time (average, 145 minutes), due to waiting time after contrast injection and time to find a proper magnetic resonance navigator signal.

In addition, several case series have investigated the use of MRgFUS for desmoid tumors.^21,^22,²³ Avedian et al. (2016) used MRgFUS to treat 9 patients with desmoid tumors.²¹ Five patients were available for follow-up for at least 12 months. Mean decrease in tumor size was 36% (95% CI, 7% to 66%). Bucknor et al. (2017) described the use of MRgFUS to treat 3 patients with large aggressive desmoid tumors within the posterior thigh.²² Each patient received multiple MRgFUS treatments. In this case series, the use of MRgFUS for desmoid tumors required different treatment parameters than those used for fibroids or bone lesions, due to differences in vascularity of the target tissue and the need for effective skin protection when using MRgFUS on extremities. Ghanouni et al. (2017) used MRgFUS to treat 15 patients with extra-abdominal desmoid tumors.²³ Treatment times ranged from 0.8 to 8 hours. Results were presented on 9 patients (3 were lost to follow-up before 6 months, 3 received additional treatments). Seven of 9 patients experienced durable clinical benefits, with a median reduction in tumor volume of 98%. Treatment-related adverse events included skin burns, nerve injury, and off-target heating.

Section Summary: Treatment of Other Tumors
Evidence on the use of MRgFUS for the treatment of prostate cancer consists of a nonrandomized, uncontrolled phase II trial, which reported a 93% success rate at 5 months. Evidence on the use of MRgFUS for the treatment of nonspinal osteoid osteoma consists of several case series, including a propensity score-matched retrospective study that reported similar reductions in pain with radiofrequency ablation and MRgFUS. Currently, evidence on the use of MRgFUS for the treatment of other tumors consists of small case series, which is insufficiently robust to draw conclusions about efficacy. RCTs comparing MRgFUS with other noninvasive procedures would be informative.

Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound for Essential Tremors
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of MRgFUS in patients with essential tremors (ET) is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRgFUS to treat patients with ET improve the net health outcome?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is patients with medication-refractory ET.

Interventions
The therapy being considered is MRgFUS, which is a thermoablative procedure to heat targeted tissue in small volume increments, under constant magnetic resonance imaging guidance.

Comparators
The comparators of interest for ET are neurosurgery or standard of care. Surgical procedures include deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus and stereotactic thalamotomy.

Outcomes
For ET, the goal is to decrease the frequency of tremors and improve the quality of life. Outcome measures can be assessed at several months to several years postprocedure.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
To assess long-term outcomes and adverse effects, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Evidence for the use of MRgFUS to treat medication-refractory ET consists of a technology assessment, meta-analyses, and a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial.

Systematic Reviews
Miller et al. (2021) published a meta-analysis that evaluated the efficacy of MRgFUS for treating medication-refractory ET with a focus on long-term trends and the durability of the response.²⁴ Twenty-one studies (N = 395) were included; 17 were prospective studies, 3 were retrospective, and only 1 was an RCT.^25, Hand tremor scores decreased from a weighted mean pre-operative value of 19.2±5.0 to 7.4±5.0 after 3 months. Over time, the hand tremor score values gradually increased: 8.3±5.3 after 12 months and 9.1±5.4 after 36 months. The pooled standardized mean difference of hand tremor scores compared to pre-treatment values was 2.68 (95% CI, 1.94 to 3.41) at 3 months (5 studies), 2.44 (95% CI, 1.97 to 2.91) at the 12-month time point (7 studies), and 2.18 (95% CI, 1.50 to 2.86) at the 24-month time point (3 studies). Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor scores were only reported through 12 months. The pooled standardized mean difference in Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor scores compared to pre-treatment values was 1.86 (95% CI, 1.51 to 1.21) at the 3-month time point (8 studies) and 2.24 (95% CI, 1.55 to 2.94) at the 12-month time point (6 studies). Six studies reported Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) scores as a quality of life measure. The pooled pre-treatment QUEST score was 48.2±22.4, which improved to 24.9±18.2 at 3 months. Additionally, a single study detailed a mean 23.8±19.6 QUEST score at 36 months follow-up, an increase of 2.2 over 30 months.

Giordano et al. (2020) conducted a meta-analysis to compare unilateral MRgFUS to unilateral and bilateral DBS for medication-refractory ET.²⁶Forty-five studies published between 1996 and 2019 were identified. Thirty-seven studies (n = 1202) evaluated DBS and 8 studies (n = 477) evaluated MRgFUS. Fifteen studies had a retrospective study design, while 30 were prospectively designed. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each intervention and differences between groups were compared where appropriate. The average percentage improvement in tremor severity was significantly improved in the pooled DBS group (60.1%±9.7%) as compared to the MRgFUS group (55.6%±8.2%, p<.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the improvement in tremor severity was significantly greater with the bilateral DBS (61.2%±5.2%) as compared to both unilateral DBS (56.4%±9.7%) and MRgFUS; there was no significant difference between unilateral DBS and MRgFUS. For average percentage improvement in quality of life, MRgFUS was associated with significantly improved measures as compared to DBS (61.9%±7.9% vs 52.5%±16.2%, p<.001). There were 517 complications reported in the DBS group and 484 complications reported in the MRgFUS group. The most common adverse events reported with DBS were lead-related complications (11.4%) and speech disturbances (11.1%). For MRgFUS, adverse events of sensory nature (36.7%) and gait disturbances/muscle problems (34.4%) were most common. Limitations of the review included the different scales used in studies to measure tremor severity and quality of life. There was only 1 retrospective study that directly compared DBS and MRgFUS.

The technology assessment was published by Health Quality Ontario (2018).²⁷ The literature search, conducted through April 2017, identified 9 studies for inclusion: 4 single cohort studies, 2 retrospective chart reviews, 2 uncontrolled prospective studies, and an RCT. The RCT compared MRgFUS with sham treatment, the chart reviews compared MRgFUS with DBS and radiofrequency thalamotomy.^25, Study quality was evaluated using the GRADE system. The RCT was rated high-quality, the uncontrolled comparative studies were rated very low-quality, and the remaining studies were rated low-quality. All studies reported tremor severity as an outcome. Pooling of results was not conducted due to heterogeneity in study designs, analyses, and outcomes across the studies. Reviewers determined that, overall, MRgFUS decreased tremor severity and improved quality of life.

Randomized Controlled Trials
A single high-quality study, a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial by Elias et al. (2016)²⁵ was identified by the 2 systematic reviews. Trial selection criteria included patients with moderate or severe postural or intention tremor of the hand (≥ 2 on the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor) and refractory to at least 2 medical therapies. Patients were randomized to MRgFUS thalamotomy (n = 56) or sham treatment (n = 20). Outcomes were tremor severity, improvement, and quality of life, measured at 3 months postprocedure. Patients in the treatment group were followed for an additional 12 months. The mean score for hand tremors improved significantly from baseline in the treatment group (47%) compared with the sham group (0.1%) at 3 months. Change in mean functional improvement score from baseline differed significantly in the MRgFUS group (62%) compared with the sham group (3%) at 3 months. Change in Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire scores also differed significantly in the treatment group compared with the sham group, with the largest improvements experienced in the psychosocial domain. The improvements in hand tremor score, functional improvement, and quality of life were maintained at 12 months in the MRgFUS group.

Chang et al. (2018) published results from 67 patients who participated in the open-label extension of the RCT.²⁸ Because 9 patients from the original trial received additional treatment during the 2-year follow-up, they were excluded from the analysis. Improvements in tremor and disability scores were maintained at the 2-year follow-up (tremor, 19.8±4.9 [baseline] to8.8±5.0 [at 2 years]; disability, 16.4±4.5 [baseline] to 6.5±5.0 [at 2 years]).

Section Summary: Essential Tremors
Evidence for the use of MRgFUS in the treatment of medication-refractory ET consists of a technology assessment, meta-analyses, and a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial. The assessment did not pool results from the studies but concluded, overall, that MRgFUS decreased tremor severity and improved quality of life. One meta-analysis reported significant improvements in hand tremor scores from baseline up to 24 months post-treatment, with evidence of a diminishing treatment benefit over time. Another meta-analysis found similar improvements in tremor severity with MRgFUS to unilateral DBS, but improvements in both were inferior to bilateral DBS. The sham-controlled randomized trial which was considered high-quality found significant improvements in the treatment group in tremor severity, functional improvement, and quality of life after 3 months of follow-up, and these results were maintained through 2 years of follow-up.

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Tremor-Dominant Parkinson Disease
Clinical Context and Therapy Purpose
The purpose of MRgFUS in patients with tremor-dominant Parkinson disease (PD) is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRgFUS to treat patients with tremor-dominant PD improve the net health outcome?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Populations
The relevant population of interest is patients with medication refractory tremor-dominant PD.

Interventions
The therapy being considered is MRgFUS, which is a thermoablative procedure to heat targeted tissue in small volume increments, under constant magnetic resonance imaging guidance.

Comparators
The comparators of interest for tremor-dominant PD are neurosurgery or standard of care. Surgical procedures include DBS and conventional unilateral thalamotomy.

Outcomes
For refractory tremor associated with tremor-dominant PD, the goal is to decrease the frequency of tremors and improve quality of life. Outcome measures can be assessed at several months to several years post procedure.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

To assess efficacy outcomes, comparative controlled prospective trials were sought, with a preference for RCTs.
In the absence of such trials, comparative observational studies were sought, with a preference for prospective studies.
To assess long-term outcomes and adverse effects, single-arm studies that capture longer periods of follow-up and/or larger populations were sought.
Studies with duplicative or overlapping populations were excluded.

Evidence for the use of MRgFUS to treat medication-refractory tremor-dominant PD consists of a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial.

Randomized Controlled Trial
A double-blind, sham-controlled, pilot randomized trial by Bond et al. (2017) assessed the safety and efficacy of unilateral MRgFUS thalamotomy in patients with tremor-dominant PD.²⁹ The primary efficacy outcome evaluated was the change from baseline (on-medication state) to 3 months after the procedure in the hand tremor subscore in the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor. Trial characteristics and results are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. After unblinding at 3 months, 6 of the 7 patients who received sham procedures crossed over to undergo open-label treatment with MRgFUS. The most common thalamotomy-related adverse events reported for all 26 patients treated were finger paresthesia (39%), ataxia (35%), and orofacial paresthesia (27%). Paresthesia and ataxia persisted to 1 year in 19% and 4% of patients, respectively. Eight severe adverse events were reported in 4 patients, and 3 were thalamotomy-related (2 patients with persistent mild hemiparesis and 1 patient had an associated persistent mild ataxia).

Table 3. Summary of Key RCT Characteristics

Study	Countries	Sites	Dates	Participants	Interventions
					Active	Comparator
Bond et al. (2017)²⁹	U.S.	2	2012 to 2015	27 patients with medication-refractory, severe, and disabling tremor-dominant PD	MRgFUS thalamotomy (n = 20)	Sham treatment (n = 7)

MRgFUS: magnetic resonance-guided ultrasound; PD: Parkinson disease.

Table 4. Summary of Key RCT Results

Study	Hand Tremor Subscore	CRST
Bond et al. (2017)²⁹	Percent change from baseline to month 3 (IQR)	Percent change from baseline to month 3 (IQR)
MRgFUS thalamotomy	62% (22.0 to 79.0)	44% (23.0 to 78.0)
Sham treatment	22% (−11.0 to 29.0)	12% (−8.0 to 37.0)
Difference (p-value)	.04

CRST: Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor; IQR: interquartile range; MRgFUS: magnetic resonance-guided ultrasound.

Tables 5 and 6 summarize the relevance and conduct limitations of the RCT.

Table 5. Study Relevance Limitations

Study	Population^a	Intervention^b	Comparator^c	Outcomes^d	Follow-Up^e
Bond et al. (2017)²⁹			2. Comparison to a sham treatment instead of an alterative surgical procedure		1. Efficacy evaluated through 3 months, limiting interpretation for long-term effects

The study limitations stated in this table are those notable in the current review; this is not a comprehensive gaps assessment.
^a Population key: 1. Intended use population unclear; 2. Clinical context is unclear; 3. Study population is unclear; 4. Study population not representative of intended use.
^b Intervention key: 1. Not clearly defined; 2. Version used unclear; 3. Delivery not similar intensity as comparator; 4.Not the intervention of interest.
^c Comparator key: 1. Not clearly defined; 2. Not standard or optimal; 3. Delivery not similar intensity as intervention; 4. Not delivered effectively.
^d Outcomes key: 1. Key health outcomes not addressed; 2. Physiologic measures, not validated surrogates; 3. No CONSORT reporting of harms; 4. Not establish and validated measurements; 5. Clinical significant difference not prespecified; 6. Clinical significant difference not supported.
^e Follow-Up key: 1. Not sufficient duration for benefit; 2. Not sufficient duration for harms

Table 6. Study Design and Conduct Limitations

Study	Allocation^a	Blinding^b	Selective Reporting^c	Data Completeness^d	Power^e	Statistical^f
Bond et al. (2017)²⁹				1. 3 of 20 patients who underwent the intervention received deep brain stimulation after 3 months in the open-label phase (additional detail not provided for these patients) 3. 6 of 7 patients receiving sham treatment crossed over after 3 months in the open-label phase	4. Study planned to enroll 30 patients, slow enrollment limited the study to 27 randomized patients	3. p-values not reported for efficacy outcomes other than hand tremor subscores

The study limitations stated in this table are those notable in the current review; this is not a comprehensive gaps assessment.
^a Allocation key: 1. Participants not randomly allocated; 2. Allocation not concealed; 3. Allocation concealment unclear; 4. Inadequate control for selection bias.
^b Blinding key: 1. Not blinded to treatment assignment; 2. Not blinded outcome assessment; 3. Outcome assessed by treating physician. 3. Blinding unclear
^c Selective Reporting key: 1. Not registered; 2. Evidence of selective reporting; 3. Evidence of selective publication.
^d Data Completeness key: 1. High loss to follow-up or missing data; 2. Inadequate handling of missing data; 3. High number of crossovers; 4. Inadequate handling of crossovers; 5. Inappropriate exclusions; 6. Not intent to treat analysis (per protocol for noninferiority trials).
^e Power key: 1. Power calculations not reported; 2. Power not calculated for primary outcome; 3. Power not based on clinically important difference; 4. Study did not meet conditions of power calculations
^f Statistical key: 1. Analysis is not appropriate for outcome type: (a) continuous; (b) binary; (c) time to event; 2. Analysis is not appropriate for multiple observations per patient; 3. Confidence intervals and/or p values not reported; 4. Comparative treatment effects not calculated.

Section Summary: Tremor-Dominant Parkinson Disease
Evidence for the use of MRgFUS in the treatment of medication-refractory tremor-dominant PD consists of a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial. The sham-controlled randomized trial found significant improvements in the treatment group in tremor severity after 3 months of follow-up. Authors of the study noted that a larger study is needed to prove efficacy.

Summary of Evidence
For individuals who have uterine fibroids who receive MRgFUS, the evidence includes 2 small RCTs, nonrandomized comparative studies, and case series. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, quality of life, resource utilization, and treatment-related morbidity. One RCT (N = 20) has reported some health outcomes but its primary purpose was to determine the feasibility of a larger trial. It did not find statistically significant differences in quality of life outcomes between active and sham treatment groups but it did find lower fibroid volumes after active treatment. This trial did not have an active comparator, the clinical significance of the primary outcome was unclear, and there were no follow-up data beyond 1 year. The second RCT (N = 49) is ongoing; preliminary results at 6 weeks posttreatment, comparing MRgFUS with uterine artery embolization have shown that the 2 groups are comparable in medication use and symptom improvement following treatments. Patients in the MRgFUS group reported recovering significantly faster than patients in the uterine artery embolization group, as measured by time to return to work and time to normal activities. In a separate 2013 comparative study, outcomes appeared to be better with uterine artery embolization than with MRgFUS. Long-term data on the treatment effects, recurrence rates, and impact on future fertility and pregnancy are lacking. The evidence is insufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals with metastatic bone cancer who have failed or are not candidates for radiotherapy who receive MRgFUS, the evidence includes a sham-controlled randomized trial, a systematic review of RCTs and observational studies, and case series. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, functional outcomes, health status measures, quality of life, and treatment-related morbidity. The RCT found statistically significant improvements after MRgFUS in a composite outcome comprised of a reduction in pain and morphine use, and in pain reduction as a stand-alone outcome. A substantial proportion of patients in the treatment group experienced adverse events but most events were transient and not severe. Pooled efficacy data from a systematic review reported a treatment response to MRgFUS of 79%. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals with other tumors (e.g., breast cancer, brain cancer, prostate cancer, desmoid, nonspinal osteoid osteoma) who receive MRgFUS, the evidence includes a nonrandomized, uncontrolled phase II trial and several case series. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, health status measures, and treatment-related morbidity. A nonrandomized, uncontrolled phase II trial evaluating MRgFUS for prostate cancer reported a 93% success rate at 5 months. Use of MRgFUS for the treatment of nonspinal osteoid osteoma consists of several larger case series, including a propensity score-matched retrospective study that reported similar reductions in pain with radiofrequency ablation and MRgFUS. The evidence is insufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals with medicine-refractory essential tremors who receive MRgFUS, the evidence includes a technology assessment, meta-analyses, and a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial. Relevant outcomes include symptoms, functional outcomes, quality of life, and treatment-related morbidity. The assessment did not pool study results but concluded that, overall, MRgFUS decreased tremor severity and improved quality of life. One meta-analysis reported significant improvements in hand tremor scores from baseline up to 24 months post-treatment, with evidence of a diminishing treatment benefit over time. Another meta-analysis found similar improvements in tremor severity with MRgFUS to unilateral DBS, but improvements in both were inferior to bilateral DBS. The sham-controlled randomized trial found significant improvements in the treatment group in tremor severity, functional improvement, and quality of life after 3 months of follow-up. The improvements in hand tremor score, function, and quality of life were maintained at the 2 year follow-up. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals with medicine-refractory tremor dominant PD who receive MRgFUS, the evidence includes a pilot RCT. Relevant outcomes include symptoms, functional outcomes, quality of life, and treatment-related morbidity. The double-blind,sham-controlled, pilot randomized trial found significant improvements in the treatment group in tremor severity after 3 months of follow-up. The evidence is insufficient to determine that the technology results in an improvement in the net health outcome.

The purpose of the following information is to provide reference material. Inclusion does not imply endorsement or alignment with the evidence review conclusions.

Practice Guidelines and Position Statements
Guidelines or position statements will be considered for inclusion in ‘Supplemental Information' if they were issued by, or jointly by, a U.S. professional society, an international society with U.S. representation, or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Priority will be given to guidelines that are informed by a systematic review, include strength of evidence ratings, and include a description of management of conflict of interest.

American College of Radiology
The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria for the radiological management of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids).³⁰ The clinical guidance states that "MR-guided high-intensity focused US (MRgFUS) is another uterine-sparing option to treat focal leiomyomas. It is noninvasive, though each treatment may take several hours to complete. Its use currently is restricted to patients with fewer than six leiomyomas or leiomyoma volume < 900 cm³," and "although a reasonable alternative for patients unable or unwilling to tolerate sedation or anesthesia, long-term data and viability results are still lacking."

American Society for Radiation Oncology
In 2017, the American Society for Radiation Oncology published guidelines on palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases, which stated that external-beam radiotherapy continues to be the primary therapy for treating painful uncomplicated bone metastases.³¹ The guidelines did not mention magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound. If patients experience persistent or recurrent pain more than 1 month after initial treatment, the guidelines recommended retreatment with external-beam radiotherapy. As for advanced radiotherapy such as stereotactic body radiotherapy for retreatment of recurrent pain in spine bone lesions, these "may be feasible, effective, and safe, but the panel recommends that this approach should be limited to clinical trial participation or on a registry given limited data supporting routine use."

National Comprehensive Cancer Network
Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network on bone cancer (v.1.2021),³² breast cancer (v.4.2021),³³ brain cancer (v.5.2020),³⁴ and prostate cancer (v.2.2021)³⁵ do not mention magnetic resonance-guided ultrasound as a treatment option.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
Guidance from the National Institute for Heath and Care Excellent (NICE; 2018) on unilateral magnetic resonance-guided ultrasound for treatment-resistant essential tremor states "the evidence on the safety of unilateral MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for treatment-resistant essential tremor raises no major safety concerns. However, current evidence on its efficacy is limited in quantity. Therefore, this procedure should not be used unless there are special arrangements for clinical governance, consent, and audit or research."³⁶

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
Not applicable

Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials
Some currently ongoing and unpublished trials that might influence this review are listed in Table 7.

Table 7. Summary of Key Trials

NCT No.	Trial Name	Planned Enrollment	Completion Date
Ongoing
NCT01473485^a	A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery in the Treatment of Brain Tumors	10	Dec 2022
NCT00147056^a	A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery in the Treatment of Brain Tumors	10	Dec 2022
NCT02252380^a	A Feasibility Clinical Trial of the Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) for the Management of Treatment-Refractory Movement Disorders	10	Dec 2021
NCT02968784^a	Focal ExAblate MR Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment for Management of Organ-Confined Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Safety and Effectiveness	68	Jun 2022
NCT01657942^a	Focal MR Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Localized Low and Intermediate Risk Prostate Lesions	101	Jan 2021
NCT03998657	A Continued Access Study to Evaluate Focal MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Localized Intermediate Risk Prostate Lesions	14	Dec 2022
NCT02923011	Phase III Study to Compare the Effectiveness of Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound With Computed Tomography Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Osteoid Osteomas	56	Jun 2022
NCT03948789	Multicenter, Randomized Phase III Study of MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment of Uterine Fibroids (MRgFUS TUF) Compared to Myomectomy in Symptomatic Medication and Not Sufficiently Treatable Uterine Fibroids	127	Dec 2022
NCT03100474^a	Global Registry: ExAblate 4000 Transcranial MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (TcMRgFUS) of Neurological Disorders	500	Jan 2024
Unpublished
NCT02260752	Comparing Options for Management: Patient-Centered Results for Uterine Fibroids	3094	Apr 2020
NCT01833806^a	A Phase IV Post Approval Clinical Study of ExAblate Treatment of Metastatic Bone Tumors for the Palliation of Pain	70	Oct 2020
NCT01285960^a	A Clinical Study to Evaluate Safety of the ExAblate Model 2100 Type 1.1 System in the Treatment of Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids	108	Apr 2016 (completed)
NCT01620359^a	Study of ExAblate Focused Ultrasound Ablation of Breast Cancer under MR Guidance and MRI Evaluation of Ablation	14	Jul 2016 (completed)
NCT01834937^a	A Post Approval Registry: ExAblate Treatment of Metastatic Bone Tumors for the Palliation of Pain	17	Apr 2017 (completed)
NCT00981578^a	A Feasibility Study to Evaluate the Safety and Initial Effectiveness of ExAblate MR Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery in the Treatment of Pain Resulting from Metastatic Bone Tumors with the ExAblate 2100 Conformal Bone System	37	Nov 2016
NCT02794558^a	A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of MR Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery in the Treatment of Early Breast Carcinomas	100	Mar 2019

NCT: national clinical trial.
^a Denotes industry-sponsored or cosponsored trial.

References:

Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center (TEC). Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound therapy for symptomatic uterine fibroids. TEC Assessments. 2005;Volume 20:Tab 10.
Barnard EP, AbdElmagied AM, Vaughan LE, et al. Periprocedural outcomes comparing fibroid embolization and focused ultrasound: a randomized controlled trial and comprehensive cohort analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. May 2017; 216(5): 500.e1-500.e11. PMID 28063909
Jacoby VL, Kohi MP, Poder L, et al. PROMISe trial: a pilot, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound for uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril. Mar 2016; 105(3): 773-780. PMID 26658133
Gizzo S, Saccardi C, Patrelli TS, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound myomectomy: safety, efficacy, subsequent fertility and quality-of-life improvements, a systematic review. Reprod Sci. Apr 2014; 21(4): 465-76. PMID 23868442
Chen R, Keserci B, Bi H, et al. The safety and effectiveness of volumetric magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids: early clinical experience in China. J Ther Ultrasound. 2016; 4: 27. PMID 27822376
Froeling V, Meckelburg K, Schreiter NF, et al. Outcome of uterine artery embolization versus MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for uterine fibroids: long-term results. Eur J Radiol. Dec 2013; 82(12): 2265-9. PMID 24075785
Rabinovici J, David M, Fukunishi H, et al. Pregnancy outcome after magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) for conservative treatment of uterine fibroids. Fertil Steril. Jan 2010; 93(1): 199-209. PMID 19013566
Baal JD, Chen WC, Baal U, et al. Efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of painful bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. May 21 2021. PMID 34018007
Hurwitz MD, Ghanouni P, Kanaev SV, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound for patients with painful bone metastases: phase III trial results. J Natl Cancer Inst. Apr 23 2014; 106(5). PMID 24760791
Arrigoni F, Barile A, Zugaro L, et al. Intra-articular benign bone lesions treated with Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS): imaging follow-up and clinical results. Med Oncol. Apr 2017; 34(4): 55. PMID 28244018
Ghai S, Finelli A, Corr K, et al. MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Localized Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer: Early Results of a Phase II Trial. Radiology. Mar 2021; 298(3): 695-703. PMID 33529137
Zippel DB, Papa MZ. The use of MR imaging guided focused ultrasound in breast cancer patients; a preliminary phase one study and review. Breast Cancer. 2005; 12(1): 32-8. PMID 15657521
Hynynen K, Pomeroy O, Smith DN, et al. MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery of fibroadenomas in the breast: a feasibility study. Radiology. Apr 2001; 219(1): 176-85. PMID 11274554
Gianfelice D, Khiat A, Amara M, et al. MR imaging-guided focused US ablation of breast cancer: histopathologic assessment of effectiveness-- initial experience. Radiology. Jun 2003; 227(3): 849-55. PMID 12714680
Gianfelice D, Khiat A, Amara M, et al. MR imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery of breast cancer: correlation of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with histopathologic findings. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Nov 2003; 82(2): 93-101. PMID 14692653
Merckel LG, Knuttel FM, Deckers R, et al. First clinical experience with a dedicated MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound system for breast cancer ablation. Eur Radiol. Nov 2016; 26(11): 4037-4046. PMID 26852219
McDannold N, Clement GT, Black P, et al. Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging- guided focused ultrasound surgery of brain tumors: initial findings in 3 patients. Neurosurgery. Feb 2010; 66(2): 323-32; discussion 332. PMID 20087132
Arrigoni F, Spiliopoulos S, de Cataldo C, et al. A Bicentric Propensity Score Matched Study Comparing Percutaneous Computed Tomography-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation to Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Osteoid Osteoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. Jul 2021; 32(7): 1044-1051. PMID 33775816
Arrigoni F, Napoli A, Bazzocchi A, et al. Magnetic-resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment of non-spinal osteoid osteoma in children: multicentre experience. Pediatr Radiol. Aug 2019; 49(9): 1209-1216. PMID 31129699
Geiger D, Napoli A, Conchiglia A, et al. MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation for the treatment of nonspinal osteoid osteoma: a prospective multicenter evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. May 07 2014; 96(9): 743-51. PMID 24806011
Avedian RS, Bitton R, Gold G, et al. Is MR-guided High-intensity Focused Ultrasound a Feasible Treatment Modality for Desmoid Tumors?. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Mar 2016; 474(3): 697-704. PMID 26040967
Bucknor MD, Rieke V. MRgFUS for desmoid tumors within the thigh: early clinical experiences. J Ther Ultrasound. 2017; 5: 4. PMID 28174660
Ghanouni P, Dobrotwir A, Bazzocchi A, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment of extra-abdominal desmoid tumors: a retrospective multicenter study. Eur Radiol. Feb 2017; 27(2): 732-740. PMID 27147222
Miller WK, Becker KN, Caras AJ, et al. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment for essential tremor shows sustained efficacy: a meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. May 12 2021. PMID 33978922
Elias WJ, Lipsman N, Ondo WG, et al. A Randomized Trial of Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Essential Tremor. N Engl J Med. Aug 25 2016; 375(8): 730-9. PMID 27557301
Giordano M, Caccavella VM, Zaed I, et al. Comparison between deep brain stimulation and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of essential tremor: a systematic review and pooled analysis of functional outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Dec 2020; 91(12): 1270-1278. PMID 33055140
Schaink A, Li C, Gajic-Veljanoski O, et al. Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Neurosurgery for Essential Tremor: A Health Technology Assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2018; 18(4): 1-141. PMID 29805721
Chang JW, Park CK, Lipsman N, et al. A prospective trial of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: Results at the 2-year follow-up. Ann Neurol. Jan 2018; 83(1): 107-114. PMID 29265546
Bond AE, Shah BB, Huss DS, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients With Medication-Refractory, Tremor-Dominant Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. Dec 01 2017; 74(12): 1412-1418. PMID 29084313
Knuttinen MG, Stark G, Hohenwalter EJ, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria (R) Radiologic Management of Uterine Leiomyomas. J Am Coll Radiol. May 2018; 15(5S): S160-S170. PMID 29724419
Lutz S, Balboni T, Jones J, et al. Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: Update of an ASTRO Evidence-Based Guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. Jan 2017; 7(1): 4-12. PMID 27663933
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Bone Cancer. Verson 1.2021. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/bone.pdf. Accessed May 24, 2021.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer. Version 4.2021. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2021.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Central Nervous System Cancers. Version 5.2020. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cns.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2021.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate Cancer. Version 2.2021. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2021.
National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Unilateral MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for treatment-resistant essential tremor (IPG617). 2018; https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg617. Accessed May 24, 2021.

Coding Section

Codes	Number	Description
CPT		See Policy Guidelines
	0071T	Focused ultrasound ablation of uterine leiomyomata, including MR guidance; total leiomyomata volume of less than 200 cc of tissue
	0072T	; total leiomyomata volume greater or equal to 200 cc of tissue
	0398T	Magnetic resonance image guided high intensity focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), stereotactic ablation lesion, intracranial for movement disorder including stereotactic navigation and frame placement when performed
HCPCS	C9734	Focused ultrasound ablation/therapeutic intervention, other than uterine leiomyomata, with magnetic resonance (MR) guidance
ICD-10-CM	C50.01-C50.929	Malignant neoplasm of the breast code range
	C61	Malignant neoplasm of the prostate
	C71.0-C71.9	Malignant neoplasm of the brain code range
	C79.51	Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone
	D16.0-D16.9	Benign neoplasm of the bone code range (includes Osteoid Osteoma)
	D25.0-D25.9	Leiomyoma of uterus code range
	D48.1	Neoplasm of uncertain behavior of connective and other soft tissue (includes desmoid)
	G25.0-G25.1	Familial and drug induced tremors. (includes essential benign)
ICD-10-PCS		ICD-10-PCS codes are only used for inpatient services
	BU36ZZZ	Imaging, female reproductive system, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), uterus, no contrast
Type of Service	Medicine
Place of Service	Intpatient/Outpatient

Procedure and diagnosis codes on Medical Policy documents are included only as a general reference tool for each policy. They may not be all-inclusive.

This medical policy was developed through consideration of peer-reviewed medical literature generally recognized by the relevant medical community, U.S. FDA approval status, nationally accepted standards of medical practice and accepted standards of medical practice in this community, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association technology assessment program (TEC) and other nonaffiliated technology evaluation centers, reference to federal regulations, other plan medical policies, and accredited national guidelines.

History From 2014 Forward

06/01/2022	Annual review, adding investigational statement regarding this technology and Parkinson's Disease. Also updating description, background, rationale and references.
06/01/2021	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating rationale and references.
06/01/2020	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating guidelines, coding, rationale and references.
06/04/2019	Annual review, updating policy verbiage to include: Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity ultrasound ablation may be considered medically necessary for the treatment of essential tremors. Also updating background, description, regulatory status , rationale and references.
06/19/2018	Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating background, description, rationale and references.
06/12/2017	Annual review, no change to policy intent.
06/07/2016	Annual review, no change to policy intent, but, global change to policy to remove "imaging" (e.g., title, policy statement) to standardize terminology to magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). Updating background, description, policy, guidelines, rationale, references, and benefit applications.
06/02/2015	Annual review, policy verbiage change: moving the following statement from investigational to medically necessary "Pain palliation for patients with metastatic bone cancer
06/03/2014	Annual review. Added related policy. Updated rationale and references. No change to policy intent.

Policy List

Edit Policy

{{ navigationConstituentPage.title || 'Medical Policies' }}

Magnetic Resonance‒Guided Focused Ultrasound - CAM 701109