Description:
This evidence review addresses the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the integrity of silicone gel-filled breast implants (hereafter, referred to as silicone implants).

For individuals who have suspected rupture of silicone breast implants who receive screening with MRI, the evidence includes diagnostic accuracy studies and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are test accuracy and validity, morbid events, and treatment-related morbidity. The available literature on MRI for detection of suspected rupture of silicone breast implants has suggested a reasonably high sensitivity and specificity compared with surgical explantation. There is no direct evidence on the clinical utility of MRI for detecting suspected rupture. However, some evidence suggests that other approaches to diagnosing suspected rupture are inadequate and it is clinically useful to confirm rupture before undergoing surgery. The evidence is sufficient to determine qualitatively that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome. 

For individuals who are asymptomatic with silicone breast implants who receive screening with MRI, the evidence includes diagnostic accuracy studies and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are test accuracy and validity, morbid events, and treatment-related morbidity. We found several studies of MRI screening for silent rupture in asymptomatic women with silicone breast implants. These studies have generally found reasonably high sensitivity and specificity compared with surgical explantation. However, the studies have generally been conducted in select populations (e.g., women who want implants removed), and data lack screening populations. Moreover, the clinical utility of MRI screening for silent rupture is unclear, i.e., complications that may result from asymptomatic leakage of silicone are not well-characterized. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.

Background
Silicone or saline breast implants may be used with breast reconstruction or for breast augmentation. After 14 years during which silicone breast implants were not commercially available, the Food and Drug Administration approved the marketing of silicone implants.

Leaks of silicone can be contained within the fibrous capsule that commonly forms around the silicone implant (intracapsular); the capsule may also rupture and lead to macroscopic silicone leakage into surrounding tissues (extracapsular; about 10% – 20% of ruptures); or the silicone may "bleed" through the silicone envelope that contains it without any gross holes or tears. Extracapsular ruptures are of particular concern, because silicone may occasionally migrate to different parts of the body (e.g., to the axillary lymph nodes, arms, and abdomen) and may form silicone granulomas. Surgery is sometimes needed to remove silicone deposits in other parts of the body. The design of implants has changed over time, with the potential for different rupture rates and rupture patterns with each generation of implants. The age of the implant is a known risk factor for rupture.

Magnetic resonance imaging monitoring is not recommended for women with saline-filled implants. There is less concern about the leakage of saline than silicone gel. Rupture of a saline-filled implant is more obvious to patients and physicians, while silicone implants are more likely to maintain their shape after rupture.

This review does not address the injection of silicone into the breast.

Regulatory Status  
Table 1 summarizes select silicone gel-filled breast implants approved by the Food and Drug Administration through the premarket process.

Table 1. Select Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants Approved by FDA

FDA: Food and Drug Administration; PMA: premarket approval.

Food and Drug Administration product code: FTR. 

Related Policies
60129 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast

Policy:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY to confirm the clinical diagnosis of rupture of silicone breast implants when this diagnosis cannot be confirmed by mammography or breast ultrasound.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is investigational and/or unproven and therefore considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY to monitor the integrity of silicone gel-filled breast implants when there are no signs or symptoms of rupture.

**NOTE: When silicone implants are initially placed for cosmetic purposes, contract language may indicate that related subsequent services, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), would also be considered a cosmetic service. Thus, contract language must be reviewed when requests for MRI are related to silicone implants placed for cosmetic purposes.**  

Policy Guidelines
Coding
See Codes section for details.

Benefit Application
BlueCard/National Account Issues
State or federal mandates (e.g., FEP) may dictate that all devices approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may not be considered investigational and must only be considered on the basis of medical necessity.

Rationale 
Evidence reviews assess whether a medical test is clinically useful. A useful test provides information to make a clinical management decision that improves the net health outcome. That is, the balance of benefits and harms is better when the test is used to manage the condition than when another test or no test is used to manage the condition.

The first step in assessing a medical test is to formulate the clinical context and purpose of the test. The test must be technically reliable, clinically valid, and clinically useful for that purpose. Evidence reviews assess the evidence on whether a test is clinically valid and clinically useful. Technical reliability is outside the scope of these reviews, and credible information on technical reliability is available from other sources.

Detection of Suspected Silicone Implant Rupture
Clinical Context and Test Purpose
The purpose of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with suspected rupture of silicone breast implants is to confirm a rupture and inform the medical management decisions.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRI improve the net health outcome in patients with suspected rupture of silicone breast implants compared to the use of mammography, ultrasonography, or surgical removal and examination?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Population
The relevant population of interest are women with suspected rupture of silicone breast implants. Symptoms may include: pain, soreness, or swelling; change in breast size or shape; lumps in the affected breast; or softening or hardening of the affected breast.

Interventions
The test being considered is MRI.

MRI is administered in a tertiary care center or another specialized center with imaging equipment.

Comparators
The following noninvasive tests are currently being used to confirm a ruptured breast implant: mammography and ultrasonography. An invasive method of confirming a ruptured breast implant involves surgical removal and examination of the implant.

Outcomes
Outcomes of interest related to clinical validity include sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV). A true-positive would inform the decision of watchful waiting or surgical removal of the ruptured implant. A false-positive may lead to unnecessary surgical removal. A true-negative would allow the patient to avoid unnecessary surgery. A false-negative may delay treatment (surgical removal) of the ruptured silicone implant.

An outcome of interest related to the clinical utility would be the avoidance of unnecessary surgery.

If the results of the test lead to the decision to surgically remove the silicone implant, the follow-up would be after the surgery. If the results of the test lead to the decision to watchfully wait, the follow-up may extend for months to years.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

• To assess the clinical validity of MRI to evaluate silicone breast implants, studies should report sensitivity, specificity, as well as PPV and NPV. Additionally, studies reporting false-positive rates and false-negative rates are informative.
• To assess the clinical utility of MRI to evaluate silicone breast implants, studies should demonstrate how results of gamma imaging impacted treatment decisions and overall management of the patient.

Technically Reliable
Assessment of technical reliability focuses on specific tests and operators and requires a review of unpublished and often proprietary information. Review of specific tests, operators, and unpublished data are outside the scope of this evidence review and alternative sources exist. This evidence review focuses on the clinical validity and clinical utility.

Clinically Valid
A test must detect the presence or absence of a condition, the risk of developing a condition in the future, or treatment response (beneficial or adverse).

Systematic Reviews
In a meta-analysis on the use of MRI to detect silicone implant ruptures, Cher et al. (2001) evaluated 18 studies (published 1992 – 1998) that included 1,029 women with MRI results who subsequently had 2,036 breast implants removed.¹ The studies varied by design; all but one comprised mostly symptomatic women, and in many cases, MRI results were used to decide whether to perform surgery. MRI sensitivity across studies ranged from 39% to 100%, while specificity ranged from 55% to 100%. One prospective study (Monticciolo et al. [1994]) of 28 women (38 implants) and 47% rupture prevalence reported a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 100%.² Another study (Quinn et al. [1996]) rated highly in the meta-analysis was a combined retrospective and prospective study with 54 subjects (108 implants), a blinded MRI reading, and imaging that used a breast surface coil.³ The rupture prevalence was 28%, and explantation was performed independently of MRI results. The authors reported a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 78%. A weakness of both the Monticciolo et al. (1994) and the Quinn et al. (1996) studies was their use of convenience samples, which Cher et al. (2001) found was associated with higher reported accuracy (p = 0.007). The summary estimate of sensitivity from the meta-analysis was 78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71% to 83%), while the summary estimate of specificity was 91% (95%CI, 86% to 94%). These results should be viewed cautiously given the heterogeneity and potentially low quality of the studies assessed.

Case Series
In a study published subsequent to the systematic review, Collis et al. (2007), focused primarily on rupture rates as measured by MRI.^4, From a total of 149 patients with implants, 21 patients with 31 of 42 implants diagnosed as ruptured using MRI agreed to bilateral explantation. Of the 42 implants, 21 were actually ruptured, 19 of which had been detected by MRI. There were 2 false-negative findings in this select cohort and 12 false-positive results, including 3 patients in whom both implants were intact. Two radiologists independently evaluated the MRI results. Estimated sensitivities for the 2 radiologists, respectively, were 86% and 71%, for a combined result of 90%; specificities were 48% and 95%, for a combined result of 43%. The generalizability of these results is limited because women with intact implants as determined by MRI did not undergo explantation.

Clinically Useful
A test is clinically useful if the use of the results  in forms management decisions that improve the net health outcome of care. The net health outcome can be improved if patients receive correct therapy, or more effective therapy, or avoid unnecessary therapy, or avoid unnecessary testing.

Direct Evidence
Direct evidence of clinical utility is provided by studies that have compared health outcomes for patients managed with and without the test. Because these are intervention studies, the preferred evidence would be from randomized controlled trials.

There is no direct evidence on the clinical utility of MRI for confirming the clinical diagnosis of silicone breast rupture.

Chain of Evidence
Indirect evidence on clinical utility rests on clinical validity. If the evidence is insufficient to demonstrate test performance, no inferences can be made about clinical utility.

The alternative for suspected breast implant ruptures is surgical explantation and examination of the implant. Studies have shown that other nonsurgical approaches are inadequate for verifying rupture, as follows^5,6:

• Clinical examination can miss many ruptured silicone implants. In a study by Hölmich et al. (2005), who used MRI as the reference standard (which introduces some error, as comparisons between MRI and explantation have shown), the sensitivity of clinical examination was 30%, and the specificity was 88%.⁷ That study included 55 women with 109 implants, 43 of which were ruptured according to MRI.
• Mammography can detect primarily extracapsular ruptures, which comprise 10% to 20% of ruptures. Also, the compression used could potentially worsen the rupture (e.g., convert it from intra- to extracapsular); and mammography uses ionizing radiation.
• The accuracy of ultrasound is highly operator dependent and is not optimal in the evaluation of the back wall of the implant and the tissue posterior to it.
• Computed tomography is generally avoided, especially in younger women, because of the use of ionizing radiation.

Based on indirect evidence, to avoid unnecessary surgery a confirmation of implant rupture may be useful before surgical explantation.

Section Summary: Detection of Suspected Silicone Implant Rupture
A number of studies on the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detecting suspected rupture of silicone breast implants have been published. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (all but one of which was conducted in symptomatic patients) found that MRI had a pooled sensitivity of 78% and a pooled specificity of 91% compared with surgical explantation. There is no direct evidence on the clinical utility of MRI for detecting suspected rupture. However, there is indirect evidence that other noninvasive approaches for diagnosing suspected rupture are inadequate and it is clinically useful to confirm rupture before undergoing surgery.

Screening for Silent Silicone Implant Rupture in Asymptomatic Women
Clinical Context and Test Purpose
The purpose of MRI in patients who are asymptomatic with silicone breast implants is to detect a rupture.

The question addressed in this evidence review is: Does the use of MRI improve the net health outcome in patients who are asymptomatic with silicone breast implants compared to the use of mammography, ultrasonography, or standard care without screening for implant rupture?

The following PICO was used to select literature to inform this review.

Population
The relevant population of interest are asymptomatic women with silicone breast implants.

Interventions
The test being considered is MRI.

MRI is administered in a tertiary care center or another specialized center with imaging equipment.

Comparators
The following tests and practices are currently being used to monitor breast implants for rupture: mammography, ultrasonography, and standard care without screening for breast implant integrity.

Outcomes
Outcomes of interest related to clinical validity include sensitivity, specificity, and PPV and NPV. A true-positive would inform the decision of watchful waiting or surgical removal of the ruptured implant. A false-positive may lead to unnecessary surgical removal. A true-negative would confirm that no treatment is needed. A false-negative may delay treatment (surgical removal) of the ruptured silicone implant.

An outcome of interest related to the clinical utility would be the avoidance of unnecessary surgery.

If the results of the test lead to the decision to surgically remove the silicone implant, the follow-up would be after the surgery. If the results of the test are negative, the follow-up may extend to years if no symptoms develop.

Study Selection Criteria
Methodologically credible studies were selected using the following principles:

• To assess the clinical validity of MRI to evaluate silicone breast implants, studies should report sensitivity, specificity, as well as PPV and NPV. Additionally, studies reporting false-positive rates and false-negative rates are informative.
• To assess the clinical utility of MRI to evaluate silicone breast implants, studies should demonstrate how results of gamma imaging impacted treatment decisions and overall management of the patient.

Technically Reliable
Assessment of technical reliability focuses on specific tests and operators and requires a review of unpublished and often proprietary information. Review of specific tests, operators, and unpublished data are outside the scope of this evidence review and alternative sources exist. This evidence review focuses on the clinical validity and clinical utility.

Clinically Valid
A test must detect the presence or absence of a condition, the risk of developing a condition in the future, or treatment response (beneficial or adverse).

Systematic Reviews
A meta-analysis by Song et al. (2011) examined the effect of study design biases on the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detecting silicone breast implant ruptures.⁸ The meta-analysis was initiated because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended that women with silicone breast implants undergo MRI screening to detect silent rupture(the first MRI at 3 years postimplantation, then every 2 years there after⁹). Sixteen MRI studies were included; reviewers noted that more than 50% of studies used a sample not representative of a screening sample. Only 2 indicated that study populations were asymptomatic patients. The reference test diagnostic criteria were not specified in 44% of studies, and 44% of studies had partial verification bias. Gel bleeds were defined inconsistently across studies, with 5 MRI studies not including gel bleeds as ruptures and one MRI study including gel bleeds as ruptures. Significant heterogeneity was present across studies for sensitivity and specificity. MRI studies using symptomatic patients had a diagnostic odds ratio that was nearly 14-fold greater than the diagnostic odds ratio of studies with asymptomatic patients. Although pooled summary measures across studies indicated relatively high accuracy of MRI for detecting breast implant rupture (pooled sensitivity, 87%; pooled specificity, 90%), most of the current literature examined only symptomatic patients. The meta-analysis identified many methodologic flaws in the current literature. When reported MRI sensitivity and specificity estimates from symptomatic patients are applied to asymptomatic or screening patients, an overestimation of positive results may occur, leading to unnecessary operative exploration.

Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Studies
The 2 studies of asymptomatic women identified in the Song et al. (2011) meta-analysis were published by Scaranelo et al. (2004)¹⁰ and by Collis et al. (2007).⁴

The Collis et al. (2007) study reported retrospectively on 149 patients with bilateral silicone implants who under went MRI.⁴ Twenty-three patients were found to have 33 radiologically detected implant ruptures. The study was not designed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, but to determine the longevity of implants, and it did not use a criterion standard for confirming rupture.

The study by Scaranelo et al. (2004) included 44 asymptomatic women with silicone breast implants; all women wanted their implants surgically removed.¹⁰ Thirty-nine women had bilateral implants, and 5 had unilateral implants (total implants, 83). Before surgery, patients underwent mammography and ultrasonography, and 41 also underwent MRI. On surgical removal, 30 (36%) of 83 implants were found to be ruptured. The sensitivities of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI for detecting rupture were 20%, 30%, and 64%, respectively. Specificities were 89%, 81%, and 77%, respectively.

Several studies were published after the 2011 meta-analysis. Maijers et al. (2014) reported on 2 studies from aprospective cohort of 112 women with 224 recalled implants.^11,12 Patients had breast implants for 10 years on average before explantation. Review of magnetic resonance images before explantation correctly detected 154 intact and 35 ruptured implants; sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 80%, 91%, 69%, and 95%, respectively.¹¹ In a subsequent blinded evaluation of available MRI results, 2 radiologists independently agreed on the condition of 208 of 214 explantedimplants.¹² Agreement was also reached in 5 additional patients where the radiologists initially disagreed on the implant condition; sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 93%, 93%, 77%, and 98%, respectively. The κ value of the interobserver agreement was 0.92.

Rietjens et al. (2014) prospectively studied 102 consecutive women with 130 implants who were undergoing breast implant replacement for aesthetic improvement.¹³ The median duration of implantation was 57 months (range, 6 – 166 months). Intraoperative evaluation identified 36 ruptured implants (prevalence, 28%). Preoperative magnetic resonance images were evaluated by one experienced MRI reader. MRI sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 83% (95% CI,66% to 93%), 98% (95% CI, 92% to 100%), 94% (95% CI, 79% to 99%), and 94% (95% CI, 88% to 97%), respectively. Although patients did not present with symptoms of implant rupture or history of trauma, patients presenting for "aesthetic" improvement may not represent a typical screening population.

Clinically Useful
A test is clinically useful if the use of the results informs management decisions that improve the net health outcome of care. The net health outcome can be improved if patients receive correct therapy, or more effective therapy, or avoid unnecessary therapy, or avoid unnecessary testing.

Direct Evidence
Direct evidence of clinical utility is provided by studies that have compared health outcomes for patients managed with and without the test. Because these are intervention studies, the preferred evidence would be from randomized controlled trials.

There is no direct evidence of the clinical utility of MRI for screening asymptomatic women with silicone breast implants for silent rupture. Moreover, the complications that may result from asymptomatic leakage of silicone are not well-characterized, limiting the potential clinical benefit of early detection.

Chain of Evidence
Indirect evidence on clinical utility rests on clinical validity. If the evidence is insufficient to demonstrate test performance, no inferences can be made about clinical utility.

Because the clinical validity of MRI as a screening tool for silent breast implant ruptures cannot be established, a chain of evidence cannot be constructed.

Section Summary: Screening for Silent Silicone Implant Rupture in Asymptomatic Women
There are fewer studies of MRI screening for silent rupture in asymptomatic women with silicone breast implants compared with MRI studies in symptomatic patients. No systematic review reported pooled diagnostic accuracy estimates of studies in asymptomatic women. In the available studies reporting diagnostic accuracy, the sensitivity of MRI compared with surgical explantation ranged from 64% to 93% and specificity ranged from 77% to 98%. The evidence base is limited because studies of asymptomatic women have generally been conducted in select populations (e.g., women who want their implants removed), and data are lacking in screening populations. Moreover, the clinical utility of MRI screening for silent rupture is unclear (e.g., complications that may result from asymptomatic leakage of silicone are not well-characterized).

Summary of Evidence
For individuals who have suspected rupture of silicone breast implants who receive screening with MRI, the evidence includes diagnostic accuracy studies and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are test validity, morbid events and treatment-related morbidity. The available literature on MRI for the detection of suspected rupture of silicone breast implants shows reasonable clinical validity, with high sensitivity and specificity when compared with the more invasive procedure of surgical explantation. While there is no direct evidence on the clinical utility of MRI for detecting suspected rupture, there is evidence for the clinical utility of confirming rupture prior to the explantation of an implant. Because other noninvasive techniques such as clinical examination, mammography, or ultrasonography have technical limitations and lower sensitivities and specificities, an MRI may be the most appropriate noninvasive diagnostic technique to confirm rupture. The evidence is sufficient to determine that the technology results in a meaningful improvement in the net health outcome.

For individuals who are asymptomatic with silicone breast implants who receive screening with MRI, the evidence includes diagnostic accuracy studies and systematic reviews. Relevant outcomes are test validity, morbid events, and treatment-related morbidity. Studies of MRI screening for silent rupture in asymptomatic women with silicone implant shave demonstrated reasonably high sensitivity and specificity compared with surgical explantation. However, the studies have generally been conducted in select populations (e.g., women who want implants removed), and the data lack screening populations. None of the systematic reviews conducted pooled analyses that focused on asymptomatic women. Moreover, the clinical utility of MRI screening for silent rupture is unclear, i.e., complications that may result from asymptomatic leakage of silicone are not well-characterized. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.

Practice Guidelines and Position Statements
American Society of Breast Surgeons
The American Society of Breast Surgeons (2017) updated its guidelines on diagnostic and screening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast.¹⁴ The guidelines stated that MRI may be used "for evaluation of suspected breast implant rupture, especially in patients with silicone implants, if the MRI findings will aid the decision-making for implant removal or aid the diagnostic evaluation
of indeterminate clinical or conventional imaging findings." However, the Society did not recommend routine MRI screening in asymptomatic patients with silicone or saline implants.

American College of Radiology
The American College of Radiology (2018) issued Appropriateness Criteria for breast implant evaluation.¹⁵ Table 2 presents the expert panel recommendations on imaging techniques for patients with suspected silicone implant complications.

Table 2. Imaging Recommendations for Women With Suspected Silicone Implant Complications

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
No U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for the use of MRI to monitor for silicone breast implant rupture have been identified. 

Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials
Some currently ongoing and unpublished trials that might influence this review are listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Summary of Key Trials

NCT: national clinical trial.
^a Denotes industry-sponsored or cosponsored trial.   

References:

1. Cher DJ, Conwell JA, Mandel JS. MRI for detecting silicone breast implant rupture: meta-analysis and implications. Ann Plast Surg. Oct 2001; 47(4): 367-80. PMID 11601570
2. Monticciolo DL, Nelson RC, Dixon WT, et al. MR detection of leakage from silicone breast implants: value of a silicone-selective pulse sequence. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jul 1994; 163(1): 51-6. PMID 8010247
3. Quinn SF, Neubauer NM, Sheley RC, et al. MR imaging of silicone breast implants: evaluation of prospective and retrospective interpretations and interobserver agreement. J Magn Reson Imaging. Jan-Feb 1996; 6(1): 213-8.PMID 8851430
4. Collis N, Litherland J, Enion D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and explantation investigation of long-term silicone gel implant integrity. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 2007; 120(5): 1401-6. PMID 17898620
5. Brown SL, Silverman BG, Berg WA. Rupture of silicone-gel breast implants: causes, sequelae, and diagnosis. Lancet. Nov 22 1997; 350(9090): 1531-7. PMID 9388410
6. Gorczyca DP, Gorczyca SM, Gorczyca KL. The diagnosis of silicone breast implant rupture. Plast Reconstr Surg. Dec 2007; 120(7 Suppl 1): 49S-61S. PMID 18090814
7. Holmich LR, Fryzek JP, Kjoller K, et al. The diagnosis of silicone breast-implant rupture: clinical findings compared with findings at magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Plast Surg. Jun 2005; 54(6): 583-9. PMID 15900139
8. Song JW, Kim HM, Bellfi LT, et al. The effect of study design biases on the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for detecting silicone breast implant ruptures: a meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 2011;127(3): 1029-44. PMID 21364405
9. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Update on the Safety of Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants. 2011;https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ImplantsandProsthetics/BreastImplants/UCM260090.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2018.
10. Scaranelo AM, Marques AF, Smialowski EB, et al. Evaluation of the rupture of silicone breast implants by mammography, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic patients: correlation withsurgical findings. Sao Paulo Med J. Mar 04 2004; 122(2): 41-7. PMID 15257358
11. Maijers MC, Niessen FB, Veldhuizen JF, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging screening results compared with explantation results in poly implant prothese silicone breast implants, recalled from the European market in 2010.Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 2014; 133(2): 114e-20e. PMID 24469182
12. Maijers MC, Niessen FB, Veldhuizen JF, et al. MRI screening for silicone breast implant rupture: accuracy, inter-and intraobserver variability using explantation results as reference standard. Eur Radiol. Jun 2014; 24(6): 1167-75. PMID 24599622
13. Rietjens M, Villa G, Toesca A, et al. Appropriate use of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound to detect early silicone gel breast implant rupture in postmastectomy reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 2014; 134(1): 13e-20e. PMID 25028829
14. American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS). Consensus Guideline on Diagnostic and Screening Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast. 2017;https://www.breastsurgeons.org/about/statements/PDF_Statements/MRI.pdf. Accessed August 31, 2020.
15. Lourenco AP, Moy L, Baron P, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria (R) Breast Implant Evaluation. J Am Coll Radiol. May 2018; 15(5S): S13-S25. PMID 29724416

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